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THE COMMERCIAL HISTORY 



OF 



THE SOUTHERN STATES 



COVERING THE 
POST-BELLUM PERIOD 



KENTUCKY 



EDITED BY 



A. B. LIPSCOMB 

Under the direction of the Louisville Commercial Club 



HISTORICAL RESUME OF KENTUCKY 

BY 

Colonel J. STODDARD JOHNSTON 



PRESS OF JOHN P. MORTON AND COMPANY 

1903 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 


Two Copies 


Received 


MAR 26 


1903 


Copyright 


tntiy 


CLASS L,<- 


XXc, No. 


■'' top'^v 


^ 1 



COPYRIGHTED, I903, BV A. B. LIPSCOMB 



:ty- 



U^ 



DEDICATION 



TO THE LOYAL CITIZENS OF KENTUCKY 



EDITOR'S PREFATORY REMARKS 




T' 



HE chief end sought by the editor in the pubhcation of a 

commercial history of the Southern States is to set forth 

in an unselfish and impartial way the story of what has been 

accomplished and the many advantages now existing in the 

South along all the lines of commercial industry. 

Much has been written concerning Southern manners, 
Southern hospitality, Southern code of honor, and the indis- 
putable sovereignty of Southern society. The evolution of 
the New South from the ashes of the old without the shattering of old ideals 
has been well noted, and the value of the preservation of those ideals is 
now recognized even by our Northern friends. 

But very little, comparativel}-, has been written about the commercial 
spirit which from the time of its incipiency has pervaded the atmosphere 
of the New South and led to its industrial development. This surely can 
not be accounted for by the fact that success in this respect has been meager. 
The statistics afforded by the recent United States census confirm the 
statement that not only in agriculture but in the output of Southern mills 
and factories that growth has not only been highly gratifying, but has in 
many instances been prodigious. To supply in some small measure this 
deficiency in our literature is the purpose of this and other volumes. 

For the sake of accuracy in obtaining detailed information, and unlim- 
ited space in arranging the matter for publication, it has been decided 
to issue the history in fifteen volumes consecutively; that is, one State after 
another, and a volume for each. The work will be historical as well as 
commercial in its nature. 

After giving an historical account of the origin of each State repre- 
sented, it will deal extensively with the commercial advantages offered by 
the different sections and counties of each State respectively. 

The fact that Kentucky appears first is partly explained by the fact 
that the editor is a citizen of this State. To him it is no more than just 
and expedient that Louisville, the metropolis, the "Gateway to the South " 
— that vast expanse of territory rich in natural resources, fertile in every 



VI C O M M E R C I A L H I S T O K Y 

field and vallej', prolific in her yield of grain and manufactures — should be 
the first and chief exponent in heralding those riches to the world. 

When the publication of this work was first proposed, Hon. Henry 
Watterson, the famous editor and orator, readily consented to write an 
historical preface for the same, but since that time the press of his regular 
duties has demanded his entire attention, and he has therefore regretfully 
given up the task. However, in securing the services of Colonel J. Stod- 
dard Johnston, the editor feels that he could not have done better any- 
where. Colonel Johnston has all his life been identified with I\entucky 
and the South, and has for a long time been recognized as a writer of 
marked ability, especially on historical subjects. His contribution to this 
volume we believe will give to it a lasting value, and make it one of which 
every Iventuckian may feel justly proud. 

In the descriptive articles dealing commercially with every section of 
the State, the editor acknowledges the valuable aid rendered by Mr. John 
J. Gardner, the well-known statistician and editor of the Courier-Journal 
Almanac. Frequent usage has been made of Colonel I. B. Nail's " Hand- 
book of Kentucky" and some of the current histories. Correspondence 
has been conducted with many prominent and representative citizens rela- 
tive to the advantages offered by their respective counties. 

Mr. N. R. Harper has furnished information relative to the work being 
done by the colored people in Kentucky. Letters of endorsement and 
approval have been received from the governor and many others of more 
or less prominence throughout the State. 

For all of these the editor expresses his grateful appreciation, and 
cherishes the hope that this volume shall fitly describe the glorious deeds 
of the past and prove an inspiration for the still greater commercial power 
of our Commonwealth. 

FULFILLMENT OF PROPHECY 

If Henry Grady, brilliant apostle of the rehabilitated South, could 
come back, and were he permitted to address the New England Society 
along the same lines as those of his famous speech of December 21, 1886, 
he could choose no better text than that part of the late United States 
census report dealing primarily with the industrial development of the great 
and growing South. 

While to some it would appear as dry reading because of its statistical 
bulk, he would find in that voluminous document the unmistakable signs of 



SOUTHERNSTATES Vll 

the fulfillment of prophecy, and in its array of startling facts there would 
occur to him a foundation for a still more eloquent address than that deliv- 
ered sixteen years ago. And if the story of Southern progress as Grady 
narrated it then was enough to inspire his auditors, for the most part staid 
representatives of Eastern business circles, bankers, brokers, and merchants 
of New York City, to a high pitch of enthusiasm, what impression would 
the recital of the growth and prosperity of the last ten years make ? 

At that time the orator devoted his remarks primarily to the splendid 
agricultural growth as manifested by his constituency. He pointed to the 
soldiers "who stepped from the trenches into the furrows" and descanted 
on the " fields that ran red with human blood in April and were green with 
the harvest in June." To-day there would be another story to tell. A few 
short years have wrought a revolution in our business. King Cotton has 
been in no sense dethroned; miles of waving wheat and corn still proclaim 
our agricultural supremacy. But newer and not less important interests 
have arisen in our history to make void and meaningless that expression, 
"the prostrate South." 

The Census Report tells a wonderful tale. It confirms the statement 
that the South is now a manufacturer on a billion-dollar scale. It shows 
that the value of the products of the South's factories in igoo was 
$1,466,669,495, greater by nearly $450,000,000 than the value of the prod- 
ucts of manufacturers in the United States in 1850. The total for 1900 
shows an increase of $549,440,468 over the total of 1890 in the value of the 
products and of $494,874,237 in the amount of capital invested, which, m 
1900, amounted to $1,153,670,097. 



NEW INDUSTRIES 

The orator of to-day would, of necessity, expatiate upon the great 
manufacturing enterprises represented by this immense outlay of capital. 
He would notice the great lumber interests in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, 
and nearly all of the Southern States. Almost every State in the Union is 
now making use of Southern timber, and it is being exported in great quan- 
tities. He would not fail to observe the fact that our coal and iron are in 
great demand everywhere, and that our steel finds a ready market in foreign 
countries. He would not neglect to pay his respects to the various mills, 
working in wool, cotton, marble, and wood, and taking advantage of the 
wonderful opportunities that the South has to offer in the development of 



VIU COMMERCIAL HISTORY 

raw material. He would note the fact that our rice crop is constantly 
increasing. Add to this an account of the success of the extensive fertilizer 
plants, the utilization of the oil found in the remarkable cotton plant, the 
recent discovery of great phosphate fields in Tennessee, and the fact that 
the oil wells of Texas and Louisiana threaten to outrival in many respects 
those of Ohio and Pennsylvania, and we have a long story of uninterrupted 
success. Without going into any discussion about the fundamental causes 
that have brought about this splendid growth, or making any lengthy com- 
parison between the two census reports, that of 1890 and 1900, suffice it to 
say that the development of the South along almost every line of commer- 
cial industry has been well-nigh phenomenal. 



BETTER LEGISLATION 

With this great change in our pursuits there has been revealed a corre- 
sponding change in the customs and ideals of the Southern people. Espe- 
cially is this change in evidence in the making and the forms of our legisla- 
tion. Verily, the capitalists of both sections have struck hands together, 
and are a unit on the subject of the South as a profitable field of investment 
for capital and a Mecca for the workingman. Barriers in the way of trade 
relations no longer exist between the North and the South. Laws are 
being enacted with a common end in view since both have their manu- 
factures which must be protected. 

The Baltimore Sun, whose editor has made a careful study of present 
conditions in the South, thus speaks of the wonderful change that has been 
recently effected: 

"The South is evidently ceasing to be an exclusivel}' agricultural com- 
munity, but is acquiring diversified industries, with the new modes of think- 
ing that such change implies. New ways of looking at things are always 
evolved by contact with new interests, and new policies pre\ail. New 
ideas of banks and banking, of money and of standards of value are likel)' 
to develop when more money is handled and local examples abound. 
Already the orator begins to lose his preeminence in public life. The 
lawyer takes on new varieties in the State legislatures, the corporation 
lawyer helping to curb the fiery zeal of the rustic attorney. The cotton- 
mill owner, the mine owner, the ironmaker, the lumberman, and the 
banker and broker find their way more frequently than formerly to the 
'halls of legislation' and to State offices. The 'horny-handed farmer' 



SOUTHERNSTATES IX 

still predominates to the public advantage, but he gets new ideas from 
rubbing up against the representatives of new interests. Thus more con- 
servative views are taken of public questions. Discussion modifies opinions, 
and rash decisions are avoided. Progress is, therefore, the striking fea- 
ture in the South at present, in public life as well as in industrial affairs. " 



THE PRESS AT WORK 

No one thing is calculated to do greater good in the way of stimulating 
that progress than a hearty, active interest in the affairs of the South upon 
the part of the leading daily newspapers of the South and Southwest. A 
significant fact to be noted is that the principal journals of the North and 
East have of late been devoting column after cohunn to an appreciation of 
the peculiar advantages offered by the South to the investor. A great 
trade journal, in celebrating its twentieth anniversary, has issued an elabo- 
rate edition, covering several hundred pages, and the writers of the most 
important articles are residents of the North and East. Outsiders can tell 
our story, it seems, better than we can tell it ourselves. 



MANY OBSTACLES AT FIRST 

When Lord Macaulay, the most broad-minded and versatile of all 
English historians, looked out upon England and saw the smoke of her 
thousand factories curling upward, viewed the ever-lengthening miles of rail- 
roads that were forming even at that early period a network across her 
lands and adding day by day to her rapidly accumulating gains, these and 
other substantial proofs of a great industrial era in the progress of his peo- 
ple brought forth this splendid tribute, paid to the man of industry every- 
where: "We see in almost every part of the annals of mankind how the 
industry of individuals struggling up against wars, taxes, famines, mischiev- 
ous prohibitions, and more mischievous protections, creates faster than gov- 
ernments can squander and repairs whatever invaders can destroy. We 
see the wealth of nations increasing and all the arts of life approaching 
nearer and nearer to perfection in spite of the grossest corruption and the 
wildest profusion on the part of rulers." 

Reviewing the industrial growth of the South for the last forty years in 
the light of this comprehensive statement, we find that its philosophy will 
apply in part — in part will not. The manufacturer of this section has risen 



X C O M M E R C I A L H I S T O R 'i' 

to the prominent place he now occupies in the world of business in the face 
of many adverse conditions. Verily, he has had to contend with many of 
the worst obstacles hinted at in this noted appreciation. He began his com- 
mercial career under inauspicious circumstances, to say the least. Even at 
so late a period as 1880 he had little promise of obtaining anything more 
than a mediocre success as a manufacturer. A comparative statement 
would help us to appreciate the difficulties under which he labored. His 
brother in the North and Middle West at that time had capital of his own 
and foreign capital at his command. He was enjoying well-developed rail- 
road facilities, and had the advantage of experienced managers and skilled 
operatives in his mills and factories. His success, in a commercial way, has 
been the result of a hundred j'ears' growth undisturbed. 



THE EXPERIMENTAL STAGE 

The manufacturer of the South, on the other hand, was in the begin- 
ning burdened with heavy debts, and had no means of obtaining credit. 
His chiefest hope for a means of livelihood was in the soil, but recently 
ensanguinated with the blood of his countrymen. 

From the sale of its products alone could he expect capital with which 
to invest along other lines than agricultural. Providence smiled benignly 
upon his fields, and having lifted some of his debts, he began manufactur- 
ing on a small scale. His mills and factories were at the first no more than 
e.xperiments. These experiments he must needs conduct without the aid 
of experienced managers or skilled labor, owing to his very limited capital. 
In most cases, though new at the business, he became his own manager 
and served an apprenticeship in cooperation with his employes. Railroad 
facilities were the poorest, and in many cases were not to be had at all. 
Modern machinery could not be introduced without a tremendous cost. 
With these and many other obstacles in the way of his progress, he was 
forced to meet competition of his more fortunate neighbors in the North 
and East. 

After all, his experiment has met with unqualified success. The 
thought of the great though dormant possibilities of his section grew upon 
him from time to time as he viewed with ever-increasing pride the slow but 
steady gain that was being made each year. 

Finally the full value and import of his relative position as to natural 
advantages and the magnitude of what his future commercial importance 



SOUTHERN STATES XI 

might be burst upon him intuitively, and the revelation worked its magic 
charm. From the ashes left him in 1S64, he has indeed lived to see "a 
brave and beautiful city" emerge phcenix-like and stretch forth her hands 
invitingly to the capitalist, great and small, to the home-seeker, to hfm who 
is "on pleasure bent," and to the workingman. 

The fiery enthusiasm and redoubled energy which the very prostrate- 
ness of the South evoked was more than fifty years of experience to him. 

THE PRESENT STATUS 

The man of the South is no longer an enigma in the industrial world. 
From a bare possibility in 1865 he has grown steadily, and of late years 
with such remarkable gains that to-day, 1903, he finds himself a potent 
factor in the making and distribution of the world's material wealth, and 
not, therefore, provincial or sectional, but national in his commercial im- 
portance. His success, be it known, is no longer an aspiration; it is now 
an accomplished fact. He no longer dreams of great prosperity; it has 
come to pass. His fond ambition to be commercially great is no longer a 
secret locked within his own bosom; the world has heard it, and rejoices 
with him. Situated in a land whose natural advantages will outrival that 
of any other corresponding region on the earth, he has learned to employ 
all the agencies known to man's invention and genius to beautify and per- 
fect his home, better say his workshop. If once when that land was deso- 
late, and his eyes were dimmed with tears, and his heart sore with remorse 
because his cause had been irretrievably lost, the world might have seen in 
him a supplicant and an object for sympathy (though he himself would 
never have admitted it), what shall we say of him now — forty years later — 
with his wounds healed, his eyes bright with expectancy, his heart full with 
joyous hope, his home restored, his wasted fields covered with plenteous 
crops of corn, cotton, wheat, and his wide territory crossed and recrossed 
with railroads that transport the products of his mills and mines and fac- 
tories, not only to the North and East, but to Europe and all parts of the 
civilized world — is he not a conqueror and a king .? 

SOME FAVORABLE CONDITIONS 

All of this material growth has been attained without the use of artifi- 
cial methods. The advancement of the Southern manufacturer has been 
steady and sure. It was due to no unnatural causes. His development 



XU COM M ERCI AL HISTO RY 

and ascendency along all the various lines of industry has heen chiefly due 
to his own efforts. In the spirit of self-reliance and practical knowledge of 
his own wonderful resources, upon which he has almost entirely depended 
for success, lies the inherent secret of his splendid achievements. 

Not until recent years has he found capital or friends to assist him in 
his mission. It has not been wholly up-hill business. We must concede 
that the many adverse conditions that have confronted him during this 
period of time have been offset by a series of favorable conditions not to be 
found elsewhere. The first of these is found in the fact that he has had at 
all times the benefit of an abundance of raw material of almost every kind 
with which to work, and all of which was capable of economical operation. 
The saving in the cost of importing material was no little one. Prophecy 
has been made by no less an authority than e.\-Controller James H. Eckels 
that in less than ten years the greater part of the world's cotton goods will 
be woven within the States where cotton is grown, and that Southern steel 
furnaces, within that length of time, will be furnished entirely with South- 
ern iron ore and heated altogether with Southern coal. Southern men will 
ship Southern products of every description only in a finished state. 



C L I M .\ T I C CONDITIONS 

Climatic conditions must not be overlooked in making a summar_\- of 
the causes that have contributed wonderfully to the prosperit\- of this 
favored section. The climate has proved a blessing to all classes, and 
especially to the numerous workers in the mills and factories. More than 
this, its winters afford a pleasant retreat for tourists from the rigors of the 
North, and in its mountain resorts there is relief from the e.\cessive heat 
felt in large cities during the summer season. With an influx of new 
capital and the application of modern ideas, the time is coming when the 
South shall easily rival the East in the way of noted hotels and pleasure 
resorts. 

In connection with the climate, it should be observed that this section 
has a soil with unecjualed possibilities as to the variety and character of its 
products. In addition to that most suitable for corn and cotton, wheat and 
tobacco, and other staples, there is a soil adapted for fruit and vegetable 
growing purposes. The great fertilizer plants, that have been for the last 
few years shipping large tons of their output to all parts of the world, have 
not neglected their own section. .A large per cent of their products have 



SOUTHERN STATES Xlll 

been distributed over the South itself. This means much for the quantity 
and quaHty of our garden products. It means that the North and East must 
in the future look to the South for their choicest fruits and vegetables. 

A BLESSING TO THE POORER CLASSES 

The mill owner and the manufacturer in the South has taken advantage 
of the large per cent of the poorer classes living in this section. He has 
helped them and they have rendered him honest service. Although the 
labor has not been of the most skilled sort, it has been abundant. He has 
suffered but little from strikes. He has opened up, by establishing these 
numerous enterprises, a means of employment for thousands of mountain 
people who hitherto had no industry to interest them beyond the acquisi- 
tion of their simple household needs. He has taught them the value of 
work. Thousands of negroes who but a few years ago were living in 
apparent idleness are now regularly at work in Southern coal mines and 
coke ovens, in phosphate beds and rock quarries, tempted by the sight of 
the weekly pay-roll. This has been done without any great injury to the 
farmer, and although it has had the effect of concentrating the greater part 
of the population of the South into the cities, it has not deteriorated one 
whit from the importance of agricultural pursuits. The change has been 
for the social and religious betterment of all classes concerned. But 
recently there has been a strong movement toward establishing training 
schools for Southern boys, white and black, where they can acquire a good 
literary education and get a fair knowledge of the mechanical arts. This 
can be done only at a considerable outlay of money, but when we consider 
what the value of it would be to the mill owner and the manufacturer, who 
represents better than any one else the greatest wealth of this section, and 
who at this time can well afford to spend some of that wealth, and what a 
striking improvement it would make in the social and economic conditions 
of the people, no one will gainsay the right for agitation of this important 
question. 

A NEW MAN WITH NEW IDEAS 

The man of the South to-day is a new figure in the political and indus- 
trial horizon of the United States. His chief hobby in politics is that which 
tends toward the further development and progress of his people. He is 
destined to play no little part in the attainment of this country's commer- 



XIV C O M M E I^ C I A L HISTORY 

cial supremacy. It can not be truthfully said that his is precisely the same 
nature and spirit that characterized the Southerner whose best days were 
before and immediately after the war. The era of commercialism has not 
taken away the old-time hospitality from his heart, has not removed the 
latch-string from his door, nor lost for him the high sense of honor or chiv- 
alric ideas that were so characteristic of the past. 

With respect and deference to all the traditions of that past, one must 
agree that in many respects he is a different man. The Southerner of 
to-day is no longer content with spending his industrial energies wholly on 
agricultural pursuits, as did his baronial father and grandfather. They 
were willing to walk over hidden treasures and leave them undisturbed. He 
had determined to dig them up and have the world share in his bounty. He 
has discovered more than any one else perhaps how lavish Dame Nature 
was in dealing with him, and he has profited much by the discovery. 
Consequently the picture of the South to-day is quite different from that 
one presented forty years . ago. Great acres that were covered then with 
forests are now open fields of waving wheat and corn. The sunny sky has 
become clouded somewhat with the smoke from numerous factories. The 
miner and his pick is no unusual sight. The whir of the loom and the buzz 
of the saw have been mingled with the song of the darkey picking his cotton 
and plowing his corn. Where there was one industry forty years ago to 
attract attention, now there is a score or more. For the last ten years the 
Southerner has gone about his work practically, using advanced methods 
and persistent energy, and the report of the late census is something beyond 
the estimate of the most sanguine of the prophets who fort}' years ago 
dreamed of what his future might be. The man of the South to-day is 
characterized by broadness in his views and liberality of thought. In his 
desire for the best legislation he seeks above all things for the public good. 
His views are expressed without rancor or show of selfishness. He is not 
overconfident. He is keenly alive to the fact that with all of his growth in 
the past and his present prosperous condition, he is to-day but laying the 
foundation for greater things to come. He is sowing seed — his chil- 
dren shall reap the harvest. Therefore he is desirous that the rights of 
capital shall be guarded as well as the privileges of the laborer. He is 
providing well for a necessarily great increase of population in the South 
within the next few years, and is making room for a larger consumption of 
home products. He has profited by the experience of other sections, and 
is trying to avoid the mistakes which were unavoidably made in the earlier 
history of his industrial growth. 



SOUTHERN STATES XV 



HIS CHANCES FOR THE FUTURE 

What of his future? If the man of the South deals diUgently and 
prudently with the mighty resources that are laid at his door and of whose 
enormous value he has just been apprised, what will the next ten years in 
his history bring forth? It is safe to say that no one is able to appreciate 
exactly what changes will take place and what growth will be manifested 
within that time. 

Young and strong and vigorous, he stands ready to meet the mighty 
opportunities of the future as fast as they present themselves. He has been 
educated through a long series of countless struggles and oft-repeated fail- 
ures, and with ever-increasing strength has learned to fight for his com- 
mercial supremacy. For his present status in the business world he has 
no apology to offer. He has done his best, and the odds have not always 
been in his favor. Weighed in the balance of his past achievements, we 
think well of his future. He shall, with the electrical impetus offered by 
this age of machinery and mechanism, push his way forward to his proper 
place — in the fore of all competing sections. 



TWO PHASES 

The historian of that period of the South, from 1850 until now, will, of 
necessity, discriminate between two phases of Southern life and character. 
One is a Southerner whose glory was attained in war and whose deeds of 
chivalry are justly accounted " the bravest ever known." His valor is best 
attested by the recital of the awful tragedy of the Civil War. The other 
is a Southerner whose glory was attained in times of peace, and yet it has 
excited the admiration of the world. 

He began his work upon a wasted, though beautiful, heritage, and 
in the mills and factories that he has built and operated, in the railroads 
that he has constructed, in the beds of stone and coal and iron and phos- 
phate that he has unearthed, in the mighty fabric of the South itself and 
the evidences of its enormous growth within a single generation, one may 
read at its best the story of his undying greatness. 



KENTUCKY 



Chaptkr I 



CIVIL HISTORY 




ENTUCKY was first organized as a State on the first day of 
June, 1792, at which date it was admitted into the Union as 
the fifteenth State. Of none of those which preceded or 
have followed it is there so much of romance as attached to 
its settlement. The older of the commonwealths had the 
advantage of having been founded under the protection of 
strong governments beyond the seas, with open front to the 
ocean, and with the Blue Ridge and Aileghanies as barriers 
against the strong and hostile Indian tribes of the West. With few excep- 
tions the Indians among or near them were either docile and friendly or too 
weak to offer serious resistance to the occupation of their territory. The 
experience of the Virginians with the Powhattan Indians, and the Pequod 
war in Massachusetts, had little more consequence than to furnish themes 
for romance on a small scale and illustrations for common-school histories. 
The only Indians east of the mountains powerful enough for injury were 
the Iroquois, or Six Nations, of New York, and in the Colonial period they 
were always friendly or under control of the whites. In the war of the 
Revolution, it is true, they took sides with the British, but with the e.xcep- 
tion of the massacre of Wyoming, an incident of war rather than settlement, 
there were few instances in which the whites suffered from the savage 
instinct. As regards Kentucky, on the other hand, all the circumstances 
were different. Its settlement was not the result of an organized coloniza- 
tion by royal or other patent, but of individual and voluntary migration, the 
early settlers being chiefly from remote parts of the older commonwealths, 
and with little or no scheme of co-operation. Besides this they found not 
only the most warlike and powerful Indian tribes hostile to their purpose. 



2 HISTORIC ALSKETCH 

but in time braved, first, French opposition, and later that of the British 
combined with the other two. 

The territory now comprised within the boundaries of Kentucky was 
originally part of a grant from James I of England, in [606, to the \'^irginia 
colony, of all the land from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth parallels of 
latitude, and extending back from the coast westwardl}' to the South Sea, 
as the Pacific was then called, the distance between the two oceans being 
unknown or only vaguely surmised. It was more than two hundred years 
after the discovery of America, and more than a century after the settlement 
of Jamestown, before there was any recorded passage of the Blue Ridge. 
On the other hand, the French, who founded Quebec in 1608, the 
year after the English landed at Jamestown, followed the water route 
of the lakes, discovered the Mississippi, traced it to its mouth, and 
acquired all west of it, before there was a settler's cabin in the British 
territory one hundred miles from the coast. They had even penetrated the 
country watered by the Ohio, propitiated the Indians, and laid claim to all 
the territory between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi. 

Such was the condition when Virginians, animated b_\' vague reports 
from hunters and French e.xplorers of the vast territory, and inspired by the 
British greed for land, as contradistinguished from that of the French for 
traffic and the Spanish for gold, began to organize for the possession of part 
of that domain which they claimed under the original charter. Accordingly, 
in 1750, Doctor Thomas Walker, representing the Loyal Land Company, 
and in 1751 Colonel Christopher Gist, representing the Ohio Land Com- 
pany, of which Lawrence, half-brother of George Washington, was president, 
made each a trip through the eastern part of Kentucky, with little result 
other than to keep a journal of each day's journey. They saw no human 
being in their trips, and were the first white men of record who had 
traversed the countr}'. In 1769 Daniel Boone, a native of Buck's County, 
Pennsylvania, who lived on the Yadkin River in North Carolina, accom- 
panied John Finlay (a hunter and trader, who had told him of the fine 
country and game) to this country, and in compan\- with John Stewart, 
Joseph Holden, James Mooney, and William Cool, spent two years in 
hunting and exploring. After many perilous adventures which only he and 
his brother. Squire Boone, who joined him later, survived, they returned 
home. In 1770 Colonel Knox and a party known as the Long Hunters 
visited that part of Kentucky south of the Kentucky River and spent a year 
or more in hunting and exploring. In 1773 Captain Thomas Bullitt came 
to the Falls of the Ohio and surveyed two tracts of land of 2,000 acres 



S T A T E () F K E N T U C K Y 3 

each, covered in part now by the city of Louisville, and in the same year 
the McAfee brothers, James, George, and Robert, came down the Ohio, 
and passing up the Kentucky River located lands in what is now Mercer 
County. In the year following, Hancock Taylor and John Floyd, deputies 
of William Preston, Surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia, came down 
the Ohio, and after surveying large bodies of land near Louisville passed 
up into the bluegrass region and made extensive locations there. James 
Harrod and others, also in the same year, visited Kentucky and erected a 
log cabin at what is now Harrodsburg. Daniel Boone also came with 
Michael Stoner, bearing a message from Governor Dunmore to the survey- 
ors to return on account of a rising of the Indians, which culminated in the 
battle of Point Pleasant and their defeat on the lOth day of October by the 
Virginians under Colonel Andrew Lewis. In 177.1 and 1774 Simon Kenton 
had also explored the country about Maysville. 

It was not, however, until 1775 that any organized movement looking to 
the settlement of Kentucky was made. In the early spring of 1775 Colonel 
Richard Henderson, of North Carolina, and a number of associates came to 
East Tennessee, and on March 17th made a treaty with the Cherokee Indians 
at Wautauga, whereby for i," 10,000 he purchased from them all the land 
south of the Kentucky River, estimated at 17,000,000 acres. It was on that 
occasion that Oconistoto, the Dragging Canoe, one of the signers, remarked 
to Daniel Boone that he feared his white friends had bought a "dark and 
bloody ground," or words to that effect, referring to the fact that it had long 
been the scene of bloody Indian wars, as hunting ground or residence. From 
this a common belief arose and remains that Kentucke or Kentake, as it 
was first called, was an Indian word signifying "the dark and bloody ground." 
The true explanation of it is that Kentake is an Iroquois word, meaning a 
"meadow" or "grassy land," and that it was applied by the Iroquois 
when, early in the Seventeenth Century, returning from the conquest of 
the Cherokees in the South, they passed through that portion of Kentuck}' 
known as the "Barrens," then a prairie of five or six thousand square 
miles. They then so designated it, and it was afterward applied to the 
whole territory. 

Pending the conclusion of the treaty of Wautauga, the proprietors 
made preparations to take formal possession of the property, and on the 
loth day of March Daniel Boone was sent forward with a company of 
thirty men to blaze the way through Cumberland Gap to the Kentucky River, 
upon the south bank of which they proposed to build a fort and form a 
colony. He reached his destination March 22d, but not without having 



4 H I S T (1 K I C A I . S K H T C H 

lost several of his men a few days before, from an Indian attack, in amlnisli. 
He set to work at once to biiiUi a fort at the mouth of Otter Creek, now m 
Madison County, and upon the arrival of Colonel Henderson antl his party, 
on the 14th of .\pril. the fort was nearly completed. Other parties under 
Benjamin Logan and James Harrod came in about the same time and built 
forts at St. Asaph's, near Stanford, Lincoln County, and at Harrodsburg. 
On the 23d of May, pursuant to a call by Colonel Henderson, representatives 
from these settlements met at Boonesborough as the Legislature of Tran- 
sylvania Colony, passed laws for its government, provided for the sale of lands 
to colonists, and adjourned to meet in September. But there was no other 
meeting. The governor of Virginia, claiming title both under the Colonial 
grant and a treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwi.x, New York, in 1768, 
whereby \irginia had purchased all the territory of Kentucky east of the 
Tennessee, issued a proclamation repudiating Henderson's claim. This was 
followed by a similar proclamation from the Governor of North Carolina, 
and the Transylvania Colony ceased to exist as a separate government. 
Later, Virginia, recognizing the services of the Henderson Company in pro- 
moting the settlement of Kentucky, granted it two tracts, each twelve miles 
square, or 200,000 acres, at the mouth of Green River, part of which com- 
prises Henderson County, and North Carolina also gave to it 200,000 acres 
in Powell's Valley, Tennessee, then a part of North Carolina. 

In the fall of 1775 the family of Daniel Boone arrived in Kentucky, 
his wife being, as he said, "the first white woman who ever stood on the banks 
of the Kentucky River, "and from that time immigrants began to arrive both 
through Cumberland Gap and by way of the Ohio River. Of the great 
hardships and dangers suffered by these sturdy pioneers through the long 
years of contest with the Indians and their white allies northward for pos- 
session of the soil, space will not admit detail. The story of the sieges at 
Boonesborough, Bryant's and other stations, in which they held out in their 
rude stockaded forts, where the women molded bullets and cared for the 
wounded while the men fought, the massacres at night, the ambush in the 
daytime, the settler cultivating his crops with a rifle as a constant com- 
panion, and the privations inseparable from such life, make up a record of 
fortitude and heroism unsurpassed in any annals. Heroic figures stand out 
on the canvas whose names, too numerous to mention, will never die. 

Historians have overlooked the part played by these pioneers in the 
Revolutionary War. For, while Washington held the tidewater line facing 
eastward, George Rogers Clark and the hardy hunters, facing westward, held 
the line in Kentucky which protected the rear of Washington's army at the 



STATE OF KEN TUC KV 5 

time of its sorest need. Had the assaults on Boonesborough by the Indians 
and the Canadians, under British instigation, been successful in 1778, and 
its defenders driven back to the Blue Ridge, as in Braddock's time, there 
might have been a different result to the unequal contest. They not only 
prevented this, but by his matchless strategy Clark, without the loss of a 
man, captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes, disconcerting the enemy and 
adding an empire to our domain. Nor did the struggle cease in Kentucky 
and the West, as in the East, with the close of the Revolutionary War. It 
was not until 1795, when the treaty of peace at Greenville, Ohio, termi- 
nated the Indian wars, which began before the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence, that the Kentucky pioneer was freed from the defense of his home 
and of the northern frontier. Nor was it until the close of the second war 
with England that he could wholly lay aside his arms. 



CIVIL ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE 

As soon as a sufficient number of immigrants had entered Kentucky to 
suggest a civil organization, its territory, which had formed part of Fin- 
castle County, Virginia, was, on the 5 th of December, 1776, erected into 
a county, with its present name, and given two representatives in the 
legislature. On the ist of November, 1780, the County of Kentucky was 
divided into three counties : Fayette, embracing the land north of the 
Kentucky River, Lincoln, that south of the Kentucky and Green rivers, 
and Jefferson the remainder, each with a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and 
surveyor. In 1783 Kentucky was formed into a district, a district 
court was opened at Harrodsburg, and eight more counties were soon after- 
ward established. Thus, as population increased, new counties were 
organized and civil administration e.xtended, and in 1787 a representative in 
Congress was given to Kentucky as a district of Virginia. But the people of 
Kentucky early aspired to a separate government, on account of its 
remoteness from Virginia and because its local interests needed better atten- 
tion. Spain held the mouth of the Mississippi River, and notwithstanding 
that under the terms of the treaty of peace in 1783 free navigation of the 
Mississippi had been guaranteed, she levied heavy export and import duties 
at New Orleans as tribute upon the trade of Kentucky, of which the 
Mississippi was the natural outlet, as well as other exactions. Remon- 
strances and appeals to the parent government were ineffectual on account 
of the indifference of the commercial States of the East, which controlled 



6 n 1 s 1 CI K 1 c A I. s K !■: re h 

the (."ontinental Congress, and which, i1e;il to tlie appeals of Kciitiuky, were 
in fa\or of surrendering the Mississippi to tiie control of Spain, and 
inclined to limit the boundary of the States to the Allei^hany Mountains. 
In 17S4 the people of Kentucky held a convention to make known their 
grievances on this score and to secure a separate government. Successive 
conventions of the same kind were held until \'irginia assentetl to its 
organization as a State in 1786, but it was not until February, 1791, that 
Congress gave its consent that it should be admitted as a State on June i, 
1792. On the loth of December of that year the tenth convention of 
the State met at l)an\ille. where the previous ones had been held, and 
adopted the constitution which went into effect June 1, 1792. (^n the 
latter day the legislature met at Lexington, and Isaac Shelby, first governor 
of Kentucky, was inaugurated. On November 1 , 1 792, Frankfort having 
been in the meantime selected as the permanent capital, the legislature met 
there, an^^ it has remained the capital since. In 1799 a second constitution 
was adopted making the governor elective by the people, providing for a 
lieutenant-governor, and correcting some other objections to the first. 

Disquietude continueii in Kentucky t)\ er Spain's retention of the con- 
trol of the Mississippi, even to the verge of threatened hostilities. Cicnet. 
the French Minister to the United States, presuming upon the amity wliich 
had existed between the two countries, sought to embroil the latter in the 
troubles between the new Republic, which he represented, and England, 
operating not only in his diplomatic relations but by direct appeals to the 
people. He was, indeed, so violent that ^^'ashington requested his recall, 
and his successor arrived before he had been here a year. Hut he remained 
in this country and continued to foment dissension. One form in which 
this was manifested was in encouraging, in the West, hostile demonstrations 
against the Spanish possessions. To this end. being seconded by agents 
sent direct from France to Kentucky, the enlistment of troops was set on 
foot with a view to wrest from Spain the control of the Mississippi. A 
strong sympath}- was developed in Kentucky, and General George Rogers 
Clark accepted a commission as Major-general in the French army. Wash- 
ington had alread)' issued a proclamation enjoining neutrality and warning 
the people against enlisting for the purpose of making war upon any gov- 
ernment with which the United States was at peace. This had the effect 
of paralyzing Genet's schemes in the East, but in Kentucky, owing to the 
intensity of feeling against Spain's exercise of exclusive control over the 
Mississippi River and the prominence of the local leaders, they still had a 
dangerous \'itality. In anticipation of an expedition down the Ohio a 



s 'I' A r i; () 1 K i: N T u c K Y 7 

Federal force was sent to Fort Massac, Illinois, just below Paducah, and 
every preparation made to enforce the neutrality laws. But the evidences 
of a possible conflict were so strong that on the 24th of March, 1794, 
Washington issued another proclamation, directed especially against the 
Kentucky movement, in such strong terms that the preparations making for 
the expedition were suspended and later abandoned. just prior to the 
issuing of the proclamation, James Innes, Attorney-general of Virginia, 
had come to Kentucky on a confidential mission to Governor .Shelby, and 
explained to him that negotiations were pending between Spain anfi the 
United States in which the latter had made the ultimatum that Spain should 
limit her claim to the territory on the east bank of the Mississippi to the 
31st degree of latitude anfl concede the free and unlimited navigation of the 
river, with the right of deposit at New Orleans of all American goods free 
from the control of that power. This intelligence, together with the proc- 
lamation of the President, put an effectual stop to all further excitement 
upon the subject, and within the following year Spain signed the treaty 
making all the concessions enumerated above. Thus, largely through the 
persistence of the pioneers of Kentucky, maintained v\'ithout abatement for 
ten years, was secured a right guaranteed by solemn international treaty, 
but to which the commercial Eastern States had shown an inexcusable 
indifference. The earnestness with which Kentucky contended for its 
enforcement aroused the liast to a realization of the importance of the con- 
tention, and exerted a beneficial influence in promoting the ac(]uisition of 
Louisiana. 

Entering upon the Nineteenth Ontury fully organized by its more 
republican new constitution, Kentucky progressed rapidly in population and 
general development, finding in New Orleans and along the Mississippi a 
lucrative market for its productions. In 1811 the first steamboat appeared 
upon the Ohio, and by the end of the second decade the new invention had 
ceased to be a novelty. Just preceding and during the War of 18 12 the 
attention of her people was engrossed by military affairs, and from the 
battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 181 1, to the 8th of January, 18 15, at 
New Orleans, her volunteers were ever to the front. Especially did they 
bear the brunt of defending the frontier of Indiana and Ohio, as at the 
battles of the River l-Jaisiti anrl the Thames, where fell the flower of her 
manhood. 

In 1818 an important addition was made to the territorial area of Ken- 
tucky by the purchase from the Chickasaw Indians of that portion of the 
State which is west of the Tennessee. As stated, Virginia had only 



8 H 1 STO K ll A I S K 1 TC M 

acquired from tlio Six Nations, b\ tin- tro;it\- of l-'ort Sl;in\\i\, in \jbS, tlie 
territory east of the Tennessee, tlie icin.iiiiini; portion, as also tliat part of 
reunessee lying between tliat rixer.uul the Mississippi, belonj^inj; to the 
Chickasaws, who still >i\\i-lt there. In i ,S uS Trosiilent M,ulison .ii'pointeii 
ex-(unernor Isaac Shelb\, ol Kentucky, and tleneral Andrew Jackson, of 
Tennessee, coniinissioners to treat with these Indians for the pmchase ot 
this territory, anvl on the loth of I'tctiibcr, K'>i,S. .i tre.ity was duly signed 
wluM'ehy the land in question was pnrch.ised, the consideration being the 
payment of $^^i.X), ocxi, in annual installments of $io,ooo for fifteen \ears. 
riie kind was afterward surveyed by the United States in townships, sec- 
tions, and quarter-sections, the only portion of the State thus surveyed. It 
is unfortunate that this system was not observed as to the rest of the 
State, since it would have prevented much complication of titles, especially 
in the moimtaiiis. 



A I K 1 lU A I P i: K 1 o n 

With the new century began a critical period in the State's history. 
l\.entucky's tirst ventures in banking proved very disastrous. In 1802, 
under the guise of establishing an insurance company for the purpose of 
insin'ing the cargoes on the OW\o and Mississippi rivers against accident 
and loss, the legislature had, in elTcci. incorporated a bank. Its name 
was the Kentucky Insurance Company, into the charter of which was clan- 
destinely inserted a clause investing it with banking privileges of a danger- 
ous character. Later it was authorized to issue notes, payable to liearer, 
equal to its capital, money in its \aults, and real and personal property. .\ 
fictitious prosperity followed, and in time the natural result, a corres- 
ponding depression. In i8o(> the old Hank of Kentucky was chartered, 
coupling the State with its c.ipital stock and credit as a stockholder, with 
tlie right to name a proportional number of directors. In iSiJ it was 
forced to suspend specie payments, and in 1S15 the legislature authorized 
an increase of its capital to $3,000, chx\ with the right of any debtor to 
replevy his debt for one year if his creditor refused to take his pay in the 
notes of the suspended bank. This was what is known as the Stay Law, 
the agitation following which constitutes one of the most stormy periods of 
Kentucky's history, leading to the formation of a new Court of .Appeals, 
contending with the old for jurisdiction and precedence, and which for a 
time threatened to involve the people in a civil war. In iSiS forty more 



SI A I I-, Ml K KN'l' UC K V 9 

banks were chartered, with a capital of $io,cxxj,ooo, notwithstanding that, 
in 1817, a branch of the United States Hank had been estabh'sfierl in I^ouis- 
ville and also in I.exin^;t<jn, 'Ihe new liariks were also authorized to issue 
their notes on demand to an atnoiint (;'jual to three times their cap^ital 
^ock, less their indebtedness, and permitted to redeem them in the paper of 
the Bank of Kentucky. This was banking run mad, and an experiment in 
fiat money which srjon culminated in inevitable disaster, and in 1822 the 
new banks and tlie I'.ank of Kentucky were wiped out of existence. In 
1823 the Court of AjjpeaJs, in the case of I^apsley v. Hrashears, decided 
the Stay Law unconstitutional, and later it was re'juired that j^roperty sold 
under execution should be valued in specie. It was in consef|uence of this 
decision that the legislature, in December, 1825, undertook to set aside 
the old Court of Appeals, and passed an act establishing a new one, but 
after two years of turbulence this act was repealed in December, 1827, and 
the conflict ceased, b'ortunately, the large influx of thrifty immigrants 
from the older States, good crops, and the growth of trade and commerce, 
in time enafjled the people to pay their debts without repudiation or pay- 
ment in depreciated paper, and the year 1830 found the State with no 
banking institutions within its limits except the two branches of the United 
States iiank. In 1833-34, '" contemplation of the early expiration of the 
United States Hank, the legislature established the Bank of Kentucky, 
with a capita! of .$5,000,000, the Northern Hank of Kentucky, with a cap- 
ital of .$3,000,000, and the Bank of Louisville, with a capital of $2,000,000. 
and except in the period of general suspension of 1837 they continued as 
the [jrincipaj banks of the State, under conservative management, for more 
than sixty years with unchanged names. 

While the period during which the problems of banking, debt, and the 
Old and New Court involved much political discord and partisan bitterness, 
it was also one of great ultimate good to the State. A distinctive State 
character of a higher and broader type in public affairs was evolved, and a 
much more practical tone established. With the removal of these vexed 
issues the legislature and the public gave attention to such practical issues 
as the establishment of a system of public schools and internal improve- 
ments. The laws in regard to the former, which directed certain funds of 
the State to be forever applied to the interests of education, and laid the 
foundation of our present public school system, was engrafted upon the 
Constitution of 1850, and still further improved in the present one. In 
internal improvements there was established a .system of turnpike roads 
and slack-water navigation, which gave great impetus to the development 



lO H 1 S TO K 1 CA 1. S K V 1" C II 

of the State. One of the first railroads ever constructed in the L'nited 
States, from Lexington to l-'rankfort, was Imilt by the State, iS,>i-35, 
which experienced an era of great prosperity, notwithstanding the general 
depression of 1837. The table giving the progress of population lor the 
several decades of that period shows that in 1S50, notwithstanding the 
drain Kentucky had suffered in eniigratii>n to newer States and tenitories, 
she numbered nearly one million souls within her boundaries. llu' Mexi- 
can War again appealing to the martial spirit of her people, they responded 
so readily that upon the call of the President for thirty companies, one 
hundred and five, being seventy-three more than were needed, responded 
within less than a month, and upon a second call a year later the same 
spirit was shown. At Monterey and Huena X'ista, and from \ era Cruz to 
the City of Mexico, they fully sustained the reputation of the State. 



TH !•: C 1\ 1 1. W .Uv 

But unforeseen disasters were aheaily brewing for a people w ho had as 
yet known no domestic discord greater than the excitement of liotly con- 
tested political campaigns. Parties had risen, ruled, and given way to rival 
ones, and yet the State progressed peacefully in its social and physical 
development until in iS6o. There was never within the compass of the 
Union any State which was in more amicable relation to all its sister 
States. In Jannary, i860, the Legislature of Kentucky, on invitation of 
that of Ohio, visited Columbus and received a most cordial welcome, and a 
few days later that of Tennessee joined those of Ohio and Kentucky in 
Cincinnati with every incident of cordial hospitality. Suddenly, after the 
Presidential election of that year, a war-cloud gathered over the land, 
which in the following spring burst in fury o\er it, and a bloodv line sepa- 
rated those who had lieen so "lately friends. In such a contest it was evi- 
dent that the brunt of war would fall upon Kentuck\', unless wise counsel 
could avert it. Effort was made in that direction, but failed, and it was 
not long until the admonition of the Cherokee Indian to Boone was realized 
in all its severity, and Kentucky became in very deed "the dark and bloody 
ground." Fafnilies were divided, and the hand of brother was against 
brother — not, indeed, in neighborhood strife, but in the two armies which 
dyed her soil with their blood. It is not proposed to enter into the details 
of that dark period of her histor\'. Suffice to say that each, as he saw his 
duty, followed his convictions and gave good account of himself on the field 



S T A T E O I- K K N T U C K V II 

of battle. It is far preferable to (Jwell on the return of peace and the 
revival of the ties of blood and friendship which once more were cemented 
as strongly as ever when the war-cloud passed away. The victors were 
generous, and from the day when General I^ee gave his sword at Appo- 
mattox to General Grant, who returned it with no more galling terms than 
that the Confederate soldiers .should return to their homes and remain 
unmolested until exchanged, all hostility engendered by war has ended. 
There has been no exchange, and the paroled soldier has lived up 
to his promise, claiming only to vie with his brother in blue in the battle 
for the true greatness of Kentucky, and for himself and his children to 
stand side by side with him and his at Santiago, or wherever the flag of 
the country needs their services. 

.And thus through nearly four decades Kentuckians have gone together 
hand in hand in promoting the happiness and prosperity of their State. 
That their efforts have been crowned with success is shown by the fact that 
the population of the State has been doubled since i860, and that in all the 
elements of development, mental, moral, and physical, she has worthily 
kept her place in the front rank of her sister States. 



Chapter IJ 
p h y s i c a i. description 

The territor}' embraced within the boundaries of Kentucky is situated 
between latitude 36° 30' and 39° 6' north, and between longitude 82° 2' and 
8q° 40' from Greenwich, or 5° and 12° 38' west from Washington. Its area 
is given officially by the census of 1900 as 40,000 square miles, but by the 
State Geological Survey as 41,363 square miles. Prior to the census of 
1880 it was given as 37,680, and an accurate topographical survey would 
probably show its close approximation to 42,000 square miles. Its greatest 
length is 41 1, and its greatest breadth 175 miles. Its river boundary is 813 
miles; by the Mississippi on the west for fifty miles, by the Ohio on the 
north for 643 miles, and by the Big Sandy River on the northeast for 120 
miles. The principal rivers besides these are the Tennessee, Cumberland, 
Green, Salt, Kentucky, and Licking, affording thorough drainage and a 
large system of navigation. Its frontage of navigable rivers is the largest 
of any State in the Union. The lowest portion of the State is that along 
the Mississippi, which is about 300 feet above sea level at low-water mark 
of the river, except the alluvial bottom lands. The rise eastward is gradual 
along the Ohio, attaining a height of 650 feet in the northeastern, but 
more abrupt in the central and southeastern portions, the elevation at Lex- 
ington being about 1,150 feet, and becoming more abrupt easterly, until on 
the extreme eastern borders the Cumberland Mountains attain an elevation 
of from 2,500 to 3,500 feet. The height of the hills above the valley bot- 
toms is rarely greater, however, than 700 or 800 feet. 

GEO LOGY 

The newest geological formation in the State is that portion west of 
the Tennessee River, which comprises about 2,500 square miles, chiefly of 
the quaternary and tertiary formations. Eastward is the gray orsubcarbon- 
iferous limestone of about 10,000 square miles. It is in this formation 
that occurs the cavernous limestone in which is found the Mammoth Cave, 
with its 200 miles of avenues. The subterranean area includes the whole 
or part of the counties of Butler, Christian, Edmonson, Grayson, Hart, 



S T A T E () F K E N T U C K ■i' (3. 

and Logan. The sub-carboniferous limestone belts upon three sides the 
western coal field of about 4,500 square miles of bituminous coal, with 
several workable strata of both the upper and lower coal measures, furnish- 
ing a good quality of domestic coal, extensively mined in a number of 
counties. 

The central or bluegrass region of the Lower Silurian formation has an 
area of about 10,000 square miles, with an elevation of from 800 to 1,150 
feet above sea level. The Upper Silurian and Devonian formations, which 
surround the bluegrass region on three sides, have an area of about 2,500 
square miles, with less elevation on the west and greater on the east. The 
eastern coal field, which comprises the mountainous portion of the State, 
has an area of about 11,600 square miles, with an elevation of from 75a 
feet on the Ohio River to 3, 500 feet on the Cumberland Mountains. It 
abounds in bituminous and cannel coal, with as many as eight or ten strata 
of workable thickness, above drainage, and except for transportation con- 
venient for mining. 

Among the varieties is found coking coal of superior quality, large 
quantities of which are now marketed from the Pineville and Middlesboro 
districts. Owing to the mountainous character of the country, and the fact 
that the Cumberland range constitutes a barrier which has hitherto pre- 
vented the construction of a railroad eastward from the State, except along 
the Ohio River on the north and through Cumberland Gap on the south, the 
large portion of this coal field has not as yet been developed as to its mineral 
resources. In addition to the topographical obstacle referred to, there 
exists another cause which has tended to retard the construction of rail- 
roads in this portion of the State. Under ordinary conditions it would 
seem that railroads should have already been constructed for the purpose of 
furnishing coal to other coalless parts of the State. But the Ohio River 
furnishes cheaper transportation for the coal of the Monongahela and 
Kanawha coal fields, which is floated down stream at minimum cost, 
and distributed throughout the State by the ten railroads which trav- 
erse it from north to south, with lateral roads reaching the consumers, 
at less cost than it could be supplied from home mines. As a result the 
great bulk of the coal mined in Kentucky finds its way to the South and 
Southwest, where it has no such competition. While the development of 
the Kentucky coal fields has not proceeded with the rapidity realized in 
most other States producing it, there is some compensation in the reflection 
that our fields contain a great resource which will furnish fuel for posterity 
long after those States, which have exceeded Kentucky in such development. 



14 H 1 S ro K 1 L A 1. S K ETC II 

have exhausted their suppl\-. In both the coal tields of Kentucky the 
annual output of coal has increased steadily in the last decade, until it has 
reached about 6,ooo,ooo tons, making Kentucky ninth in such production. 

Of other minerals, the next in point of value is iron, which is found in 
botii the eastern and western portions of the State. Between the Ten- 
nessee and Cumberland ri\ers are found liinonite and brown hematite ores 
of a good grade, w hirh for many years have been more or less utilized. 
Several furnaces draw their ore from this field, and others are projected. 
On the periphery of the western coal field several kinds of iron ore are also 
toiuul. Init they ha\e not as yet been developed to any extent, .\bout the 
borders of the eastern coal fields are good bodies of l)oth liinonite and 
brown hematite ores. In some portions of this area early attention was 
given to the subject, iron iiaving been made in Hath and Estill counties 
long before the era of railroads. In the former, at Slate Creek furnace, 
cannon balls were made which were used in the defense of New Orleans by 
General Jackson, in iSi;. .\t .\shland, in Boyd Count}', for more than a 
quarter of a centurj' the ores of that region and of Bath County have been 
successfully used in making commercial iron. In Middlesboro are extensive 
furnaces, using, however, chielly the ores from the south side of the Cum- 
berland Mountains, and Kentucky ct)al for their reduction. Corresponding 
ores of the Oriskany belt are known to exist along the north side of the 
Fine Mountain, a range wholly within Kentucky, but as yet they have not 
been explored, although iu innnediate vicinity of fine coking coals. 

Petroleum is found in Kentucky in many localities, and there is now 
promise of its early utilization. Wherever the Devonian shale strata occur 
its presence is so commonly disclosed that our State geologists have 
regarded this as the source from which it is derived. In many parts of the 
State this formation is found from looto 150 feet thick, and so rich as to 
furnish oil bj- distillation, and to burn freely. The first oil well which 
brought petroleum to public attention was found in Cuinberhuul Count\ . 
Kentucky, in 1829, and at a depth of about 200 feet the oil flowed freely. 
It became known as rock oil. but excepit as a liniment its \alue was not 
recognized. Recently other wells h,i\ e been bored successfully in the same 
\icinity, and from the neighboring county of Wayne man\- thousands of 
barrels of oil were shipped to market tsvent} years ago. Later still richer 
developments have been made, resulting in the building of a pipe-line to 
So-nerset, Pulaski County, whence the oil is shipped by rail. In Knox 
County, within the past few years, man}' flowing wells have been bored with 
such indications of supply as have led to the projection of a pipe-line, with 



S T A T ]■- ( ) 1 K E N T L' C K ^ I 5 

branches in other counties, to Parkersburg, West Virginia, where there is a 
refinery. In Hath and Rowan counties, contiguous to the Devonian for- 
mation, promising deveioiMiients have also been made. Simihir favorable 
indications have been shown also in the western portion of the State, 
wherever the same geological conditions prevail, and as far as theory, sus- 
tained by the developments already made, can be relied upon, it is highly 
probable that there are oil-bearing strata underlying a large area of the 
State. The incentives to further development are heightened by the fact 
that all the oil so far brought to light is a high grade of lubricating oil. 

Supplemental to oil, to which it owes its origin, may be mentioned 
asphaltum rock, which has been found in various portions of the State, 
chiefly near the border of the western coal field, but always in the Chester 
group of the sub-carboniferous limestone formation, wherever the sandstone 
is favorably situated for saturation by the (jil. These deposits have been 
successfully worked, and a good conunercial <]uality of asphaltum rock has 
been secured, and so extensively used in making asphalt streets in compe- 
tition with the Trinidad asphalt that their cost has been reduced quite one 
half, with equally good, if not better, practical results. Other minerals 
found in Kentucky are lead, which is exhibited in several of the blue- 
grass counties in fissures of the limestone caused by the geologic uplift of 
that now eroded region, but the extent of the deposits has not yet been 
demonstrated sufficiently to make their working profitable in competition 
with the richer and more easily mined deposits in Illinois and Missouri. 
The same may be said of certain deposits of fluor-spar, zinc, and argen- 
tiferous lead formed in a more defined dike formation in the western part of 
the State, particularl}' in Livingston, Trigg, Caldwell, and Logan counties. 
West of the Tennessee River are found pottery clays of a superior quality, 
suitable for making encaustic tiles and high grades of ornamental pottery, 
while in Madison and other counties which include the Devonian strata 
are excellent clays from which are made crockery, pottery, and tiling. 
Strata suitable for making vitrified brick are also found in various parts of 
the State, and are valuable also as fertilizers from the potash and soda 
they contain. At Cloverport, in Breckinridge County, vitrified brick for 
paving streets have been extensivelj' made for a tmrnber of years. 

There remain but two more productions of the State to refer to under 
this head, and these are timber and building stones. Few portions of 
the continent have as valuable timber as is to be found in Kentucky, 
embracing nearly every variety of growth to be found from Nova Scotia to 
the Gulf. The cypress and pecan are found in the southwestern part of 



I 6 H 1 STU K 1 C A L S K ETC H 

the State, and elsewhere are most of the valuable timber trees indigenous to 
the temperate zone. Especially is the growth of oak, beech, hickor\-, 
maple, and other hard woods of wide extent and varietj', including twenty- 
six varieties of oak. In the mountains are to be found several varieties of 
pine and the hemlock, while the poplar or tulip tree, chestnut, and all 
kinds of commercial timber, are well disseminated throughout the State. 
Originally Kentucky, except about 5,000 square miles of prairie in the 
south-central region, was covered with forest, and it is estimated that 
nearly fifty per cent of it still remains so. The lumbering interest of the 
State is large and prosperous. 

Of building stones there are many kinds, and so generally distributed 
that there is but a small portion of the State which has not an ample supply 
for the use of its population within its own limits. There is no granite in 
the State, the lowest formation exhibited being the magnesian limestone. 
or Knox dolomite, which underlies the Trenton, and has a limited 
exposure near Clay's Ferry, in Fayette County. It is a superior building 
stone, and is the material of which the Cla}' monument at Lexington is 
built. The birdseye limestone of the Trenton, found in the cliffs of the 
Kentucky River, is a handsome stone with a mottled appearance, from 
which it draws its name, and of which the Capitol at Frankfort is built. It 
is called Kentucky marble — a misnomer, as it is not of crystalline structure. 
There is no marble in the State. While in all the limestone regions good 
building stone is to be found, what is known as the Bowling Green stone, 
an oolite of the sub-carboniferous limestone, is the best commercial lime- 
stone in the State, and extensively found in many counties. It is similar to 
the Bedford, Indiana, stone, and is widely used. Various kinds of sandstone 
are well distributed throughout the State, and abound in the coal areas. 
The best commercial quality is the Waverley sandstone, of Rowan County, 
which is extensively quarried, and is similar to the Buena Vista stone, of 
Brown County, Ohio, much used in Cincinnati and other cities for the 
fronts of handsome house.*. 

Cement or water limestone is found in many parts of Kentucky, and in 
various geological horizons, the most notable at the Falls of the Ohio, 
where more than 1,000,000 barrels of the cement are made per annum. 

This review of the geology and mineral and timber resources of Ken- 
tucky has been made more in detail than the scope of a history of such 
limited proportions as this would suggest, but being in the nature of a 
commercial history it is more appropriate than the narrative of events 
common to other branches of history, to the exclusicjn of matters of inter- 



S T A T E () F K E N T U C K V I 7 

est to the commercial reader. It is the more opportune, since from a mis- 
taken policy in State legislation the (ieological Survey, which had done so 
much to make known the resources of Kentucky, was ten years ago 
discontinued, and specific information upon such subjects is not easily 
accessible. 

.\ G K I C U L T U K E 

Notwithstanding the large area of its coal formation and the extent of 
its forests, Kentucky occupies a high rank in the variety of its agricultural 
products and the e.xtent of its commercial crops. It early took a leading 
position among the great prcjducing States, soon outstripping the older 
ones eastward, and only yielding the supremacy it had attained in several 
lines after the larger new States of the West and Northwest had become 
populated. In 1840 it ranked first in the production of wheat. In 1850 it 
was second in the production of swine. In i860 it was second in mules. 
In 1850 it was first in corn. In 1880 it ranked first in the production of 
tobacco, as also in 1890 and igoo. The annual crop of tobacco is about 
400,000,000 pounds. In hemp it has always been first, ninety per cent of 
the total crop being raised in the State, while in rye, wool, and the value 
of live stock it stands high in the list. 

The soil of Kentucky varies with the several geological formations. 
Most of the bluegrass region, embracing about twenty-five counties, is a 
rich, clayey loam, enriched by the disintegration of the marine shells in the 
blue limestone. It is fertile and productive, and the land has a high market 
value. By a judicious system of rotation of crops, without the use of 
artificial fertilizers, its productive capacity has been so well maintained that 
after nearly a century of cultivation the soil shows no deterioration in the 
quantity or commercial value of its products. In the gray limestone region 
of the State, which has been designated as the sub-carboniferous, while 
the natural fertilit}' of the soil and the fertilizing elements of the under- 
lying rocks are not as great as those of the bluegrass region, nor the land of 
as high average value, its productive capacity is of an excellent grade. 
Improved agriculture, rotation of crops, and the use of clover and other 
grasses have demonstrated a similar capacity for keeping up production and 
restoring apparently worn-out lands. Besides, this region has shown itself 
especially adapted for fruit of all kinds, as have the more elevated and less 
fertile lands of the Devonian and Upper Silurian formations which belt the 
bluegrass region. \\'est of the Tennessee River is a fine agricultural dis- 



I 8 H I S T ( ) I< 1 C A L S K E T t H 

trict for the production of tobacco and all the cereal crops, and in no por- 
tion of the State has there been more de\elopment within the last decade 
than in this. The lands in the western coal field, not being mountainous, 
contribute also an excellent agricultural region, well adapted to all the staple 
crops, and embracing some of the most productive counties in the State. 
The eastern portion of the State, while more rugged in topography than 
the others described, with the greater part of its area still covered with 
timber, and more valuable for the minerals beneath its surface than for 
agriculture, has man\- fertile \alle\s and a fair soil, e\en in its most broken 
portions. Of recent \ears tobacco has been profitably raised in the Hig 
Sand\' and Cumberland River valle_\s, with results from low-priced lands 
rivaling those of the best portions of the State. It is capable of support- 
ing a very much larger population, and with increased railroad facilities 
will be an attractive field for a thrifty immigration. 

One of the most conspicuous adjuncts of agriculture in Kentucky, for 
which it is specially noted in several branches, is that of stock raising. 
The equability of its climate and the succulence of its grasses, coupled with 
care and skill in breeding from the l)est types, have led to the development 
of the highest grades both of horses and cattle known to the continent. 
For speed and endurance, both of the thoroughbred race horse and the 
trotter, it has long borne the jialm, while for saddle horses and those for 
general utility it is equallj- well known. It is here, too, that that useful 
branch of the equine famih^ the mule, has been developed to perfection 
and its serviceable qualities demonstrated. It was in Kentucky, also, that 
the short-horn cattle from England were first introduced and developed to a 
degree not excelled elsewhere, and hence distributed throughout the West 
and Southwest to improve the native stocks and become the standard type 
of beef cattle. For many years annual shipments of fat beeves have been 
made to England for Christmas beef, commanding even higher prices than 
their native cattle. The sheep, particularly the Southdown, for mutton, 
ha\e had a similar record, and large shipments of spring lambs are annually 
made to the Eastern markets. 

.As to the manufactures and other products of Kentucky, they belong 
more to the department of statistics than of histor\-, and are to be sought 
in the census reports or the exhibits of the various cities and counties of 
the State. In the matter of distilled spirits Kentucky is the second 
largest revenue-producing State in the Union, while for the cjuality, its 
production has always stood unri\aled. And in general it may be said that 
in the variety of its resources, its crops and products, it combines in great 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



19 



degree, from its geographical position and climatic conditions, the ad\an- 
tages of the States both to the north and the south of it, with less loss 
from the cold of the one or the scorching heat of the other. The monthly 
mean temperature of the three winter months is 27°, 30°, and 35°, and for 
the three summer months, 73°, 76°, and ■j^°, with an annual mean of 55°. 
The minimum in winter is rarely below zero, and in summer rarely exceeds 
go°. The four seasons are clearly defined. The rainfall is equable, and 
e.xcessive floods or excessive drouths are of rare occurrence. The average 
rainfall is 46.87 inches. 

In healthfulness the State ranks very high. The census returns show 
that thirty States have a higher death rate than Kentucky. The ratio of 
deaths to the population is about one per cent, and no part of the State 
is subject to epidemics from local causes. That the conditions are favor- 
able for the production of a healthful, vigorous race of men is shown by 
the following official table, compiled from the measurements of United 
States volunteers during the Ci\il War, bv B. A. Gould: 



N.\TIVITV 




New England 

New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 

Ohio and Indiana 

Michigan, Missouri, and Illinois 

Kentucky and Tennessee 

Free States west of the Mississippi River 

Canada 

Eui^land 

Scotland 

Ireland - 

(iennany 

Scandinavia _. 



20 H 1 S T t> K 1 C A I. S K i: T C H 



p o p I' I . A r 1 C) N 

Kentuck\' may be suiil to comprise in its [lopulatioii the most ciistiiK"li\'e 
body of English-speaking people of the Anglo-Saxon stock, not onh- of any 
State in the Union, but of any civil division in the world. Out of a popu- 
lation of 2,147,174, as shown Ijy the census of 1900, there are only 50,249 
persons of foreign birth, most of w hom are confined to the cities and a few 
counties, many of the counties having none. The white population is 
principally of English and Scotch descent, with a fair proportion of Irish 
blood. The State has contributed largely of its population to the settle- 
ment of the States to the north, south, and west, and both in the emigrants 
and in the home stock, as shown by the long list of distinguished names 
which have filled the roll of men in all stations of life — in field, forum, 
and pulpit — it has been demonstrated that the conditions in the State are 
as fa\orable for the de\elopment of mental and moral ipuilities as for 
physical excellence. 

The following will show the population of the State for each census; 

1790,- - 72„ojj. 1S30, - - 687,917. 1870, - - 1,321,011. 

1800, - - 220,595. 1S40, - - 779,828. 18S0, - - 1,648,690. 

1810, - - 406,511. 1850, - - 982,405. 1890, - - 1,858,635. 

1820, - - 564,317. i860, - - 1,155,687. 1900, - - 2,147,174. 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH OF THE 
STATE OF KENTUCKY 



ADAIR COUNTY 



I'oinLATiON (Ci;nsus lyooj, 14,88>S. County Seat. Coi.imhia. 



Situated near the middle of tlie south- 
ern part of the State, and is in the 
Eleventh Congressional, Third Appel- 
late, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Sixteenth 
Senatorial, and Thirty-seventfi Legislative 
Districts. 

Adair County was formed in iSoi out 
of a part of Green County. It was 
named in honor of Gen. John Adair, a 
distinguished soldier and statesman. The 
face of the country is rolling and hilly, 
soil fairly good, resting mainly on slate 
and limestone foundation. The river 
and creek bottoms are quite productive. 
The chief products are corn, wheat, oats, 
sorghum, grass, and tobacco. Most of the 
uplands are well adapted to fruit raising. 
Considerable attention is given to horses, 
nmles, cattle, hogs, and sheep. The 
country is well supplied with water. 
Green River is the largest stream, runs 
across the northern part. Russell's Creek 
through the center from east to west; 
together with Casey Creek, Glen's Fork, 
Peltus Fork, Big Creek, I^eatherwood 
Creek, and Crocus, all considerable 
streams, flowing through the various sec- 
tions of the county, furnish fine power 
for machinery, and water for stock and 
domestic purposes. The county is well 
sujiplied with timber of all kinds except 
■walnut, poplar, and hickory. 



Tfie county is diversified with farm 
lands and forests. The farms are largely 
devoted to grasses and the raising of the 
crops named above. Vegetables grow- 
in profusion and in great variety, but 
are confined largely to local markets; 
truck farming and dairying are not car- 
ried on. There are no railroads in the 
county. One line of turnpike between 
Campbellsville, the nearest railroad point, 
and Columbia, a distance of twenty miles, 
is maintained by tolls. There are no 
free jiikes in the county. Public roads 
are maintained under the general law. 
The average price of farm lands, improved 
and unimproved, is about S4.30 per 
acre, prices ranging from $1.50 to S40 
per acre, depending upon location and 
improvements. Farm laborers can be 
had at from fifty to seventy-five cents per 
day; by the month, with board and lodg- 
ing, at eight to nine dollars, and where 
the laborer furnishes his own board and 
lodging, thirteen dollars. 

The county has no bonded indebted- 
ness, and the rate of taxation is fifteen 
cents on the hundred dollars of assessed 
property, and a poll tax oi one dollar and 
fifty cents for county purposes. 

Columbia, the county seat, has a popu- 
lation of about eight hundred, mostly 
wliites. The colored population in the 



22 



C () M M i; K C 1 A L G K U W T H 



main live outside the corporate limits. 
It has two public schools, open five 
mouths in the year, and two high schools. 
the Columbia Male and Female High 
School and the Columbia Christian College, 
open nine months in the year, where the 
higher branches of education are taught. 
There are four church organizations in the 
town, and each one has a handsome church 
building. The town is healthy, and its 
moral and social tone is such as is fouud in 
all educational and Christian centers. 



The public schools of the county arc 
in good condition and improving yearly. 
There are seventy -five school districts for 
the whites and fourteen for the colored, 
in which schools are taught. The public 
schools are maintained by the school 
fund, and in niauy districts private 
schools are taught after the close of the 
public school year, and in this way Ex- 
cellent educational advantages are given 
in many districts eight and ten months in 
the vear. 



.\ L L EN CO I' N T Y 



l^OPULATiON (Census 1900), 1^,657. Cointv Skat, Scottsville. 



Situated in the Third Congressioiuil, 
Second .\ppellate. Eighth Judicial, Elev- 
enth Senatorial, and Twenty-second Legis-, 
lati\e Districts. 

Allen County was formed out of the 
southern parts of Barren and Warren 
counties in the year 1S15, and extends to 
the boundary line between KtutucUy and 
Tennessee. The surface is hilly, but 
the soil is productive and in the valleys 
is <iuite fertile. The county is well 
watered. Big Barren River, with its tribu- 
taries, supply it abundantly on the eastern 
and northern portfons, while Big Tram- 
mel and Drake's creeks supply the south- 
ern and western portions, the central 
part being supplied by Little Trauunel, 
Puncheon Camp, Long, Walnut, Big 
Difficult, Little Difficult Sulphur Fork, 
Middle Fork, Bays Fork, Rough, and 
Snake creeks, most of which are good- 
sized streams. The soil is principally 
adapted to corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco. 
The forest lands are well timbered with as 
fine a variety as can be found anywhere, 
and at present the timber industry is the 
leading one in the county, and while there 



area number of mills operating, the supply 
seems inexhaustible. Very fine qualities 
of building stone abounds; both gas and 
oil ha\e been found, but neither have 
been developed. There is some evidence 
of coal and iron. Mineral waters abc und 
all over the country. The Chesapeake & 
Nashville railroad terminates at Scotts- 
ville, but the route has been surveyed to 
Glasgow, Ky. .■\ small mileage of turn- 
pike exists, but the people are now or- 
ganizing good roads societies and every- 
thing points to improved roads, whicli 
will add much to the county. 

The agricultural industry in the county 
is improving. 

Farm hands are paid 75 cents per day 
and board: gi.oo to Si. 25 without. 

The public school system is the same 
as the rest of the State. The school 
buildings on an average are very good. 
Scottsville is the county seat; it has a 
population of about 1,200. There are 
several small villages in the county, the 
most important of which are Holland, 
Petroleum, Gainesville. New Roe, and 
Alexander. 



STATE OF KE\TICK\- 



ANDERSON COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 10,051. (Estimated 1902), 13,000. 
County Seat, Lawrenceburg. 



Is situated in tlie Eighth Conj;ressioiial, 
Third Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twen- 
tieth Senatorial, and Fifty-seventh I^egis- 
lative Districts. 

Anderson County was funned in 11^27 

out of a portion of Frankin, h'ayette, and 

Mercer counties. The present estimated 

population, almost entirely made up of 

the Anglo-Saxon race, is now about 

I 
13,000. 

The county occupies two high and fer- 
tile plateaus, separated from each other 
hy Salt River, whicli flows through the 
central part of the county. The land on 
top of the table-lands is gently rolling, 
and the slopes leading down from the up- 
lands to the rivers are spmewhat precipi- 
tous. The Kentucky River, which borders 
the eastern portion of the county for a 
distance of about twenty miles, is naviga- 
ble throughout the year. Salt River, in 
the central part of the county, and Chap- 
lain on the southern border, are not na- 
vigable, but all of these streams are 
capable of furnishing unlimited water- 
power for all purposes. Beside these 
streams, the county is traversed in every 
direction by smaller ones, which afford 
the most ample supply of water for stock 
and crops under all circumstances. The 
sceneiy along the Kentucky River and its 
tributaries is unexcelled in its boldness 
and in its picturesque features. The 
Salt River bottoms are famous for their 
fertility. 

The soil of the county is of a limestone 
formation, with a clay subsoil, andj is 
generally fertile and productive. It is 
well adapted to the production of corn, 
wheat, and tobacco. Oats, potatoes, 
garden vegetables and fruits of all kinds 
also do well in every part of the county. 
The tobacco grown in this county is al- 



ways of the finest quality, and ranks 
among the best crops to be found in the 
Louisville and Cincinnati markets. The 
large crops of timothy and clover that 
may be produced from a given quantity 
of ground, with the bluegrass which is 
indigenous, makes this one of the best 
counties in the State for stock farming. 
The number of cattle shipped from An- 
derson County to Eastern markets and to 
Europe is increasing rapidly every vear. 

The timber is principally white oak 
and beech, with a fair proportion of sugar 
maple. The hickory, walnut, and pop- 
lar has been nearly all cut off and disposed 
of in the markets. Owing to the present 
demand for farming lands in this county 
the value fias increased at least twenty- 
five per cent within the last year. 

Numerous and what are believed to be 
valuable deposits of lead and zinc have 
been found in the county, within a few 
miles of the county seat. One of these 
mines has been recently leased to East- 
ern capitalists, who will jiroceed at once 
to work their lease to its full extent. 

There is undoubtedly natural gas in • 
paying quantities in the county. 

The people of this county are almost 
entirely engaged in farming. The only 
manufacturing enterprises in the county 
are the numerous and famous distilleries 
and the cooper shops connected with 
them. The McBrayer. Searcy, and Ripy 
whiskies are known the world over, and 
are justly renowned for their excellence 
and purity. The Saffell distillery, which 
has not been in existence for so long a 
time as those named above, is rapidly 
acquiring a reputation second to none in 
Kentucky. The flo-iring mills, of which 
there are a number, are all doing a large 
business, both local and general. The 



24 



CO M M K K C 1 A L (. K O \V T H 



I.awrencebui't; Roller Mills, the Bond 
Mills at McBrayer, and the Fiaiikliii 
Mills at Orr, are well and favorably 
kiiowu throufjliout the United States. 

The shipping facilities are as good as 
those of any other city of the same size to 
be found in the State or in the entire 
South. The Southern Railway has its 
main line running entirely through tlic 
county from west to east, and a branch 
line tapping the Cincinnati Southern at 
Hurgin. in Mercer County. It also con- 
nects at Lexington with roads running 
east and north as well as south: at 
Louisville with the many lines running 
w'est, northwest, and south. Louisville 
is sixty-five miles west and Lexington 
twenty-tive miles east from Lavvrenceburg. 
The Kentucky River is only four miles 
from Lawrenceburg and is a valuable 
competitor to the railroads in the mat- 
ter of freight rates. 

.\nderson County has about itio miles 
of free turnpike road, which is kept in the 
best of repair by the county. The county 
expended 540,000 within the last eight 
years for the construction of turnpikes, 
and yet the entire debts of the county 
will not exceed Sio,ooo. 

Labor, both white and colored, is plenti- 
ful and can be had at rt-asonable rates. 



Lnskilled labor here may be hired at from 
Si. 00 to Si. 50 per day. Mechanics and 
skilled laborers receive from Si. 75 to 
S2.50 per day. Farm labor uiay be bad 
for about S18.00 to S20.00 per month 
without board, and at from Sio.oo to 
Si 2. 00 per month with board. 

The scliool facilities of the county will 
compare favorably with those of any other 
county of the same population and wealth 
to be found in the State. The white 
schools furnish employment for about 
fifty teachers, the majority of whom are 
women. The schools of I^awrenceburg 
give employment to six regular teachers, 
and have a special teacher of drawing and 
also of physical culture. 

Lavvrenceburg, the county seat, a city 
of the fifth class, with a population of over 
2,000, is finely located on a plateau be- 
tween Kentucky and Salt rivers, on a line 
of the Southern Railway. 11 has five 
white and three colored churches, is well 
supplied with stores in all lines of traile, 
a cooperage factory, a large roller mill, 
two hotels, three banks (with a united 
capital of §195,000), and one newsjiaper. 
It has a large and commodious court 
liouse and some of the liandsomest resi- 
dences and business houses in the 
State. 



BA I, 1,.\ K 1) COrXT V 

PoFi L.\ru)N (Censi s 1900), io.7f)i. County Shai. Wukiiiii-:. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
First Appellate, First Judicial, Second 
Senatorial, and Second Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

At the sitting of the legislature in the 
winter of 184 1—.;, the county of Ballard 
was brought into existence by a curtail- 
ment of both McCracken and Hickman 
counties. Blandville was at that time 
made the county seat. 

The soil of Ballard County is mostly of 
a black loam with yellow clay subsoil. 



except the \alleys, which are a black sandy 
loam with generally blue-clay foundation, 
and very productive. The minerals that 
exist in the hills of the county are unde- 
veloped, and to what extent they exist is 
not known. The timber resources of the 
county have been greatly abused, but 
good timber land can be purchased at this 
time for from seven to twelve dollars per 
acre. Diversified fanning is carried on 
to a considerable extent, but fruit grow- 
ing, which could be made profitable. 



S T A T E ( ) F K E N T L- C K \- 



25 



receives hut little atteiitimi. Aliout thirty 
miles of the buuudary of the county is on 
the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and this, 
with twenty miles on Mayfield Creek, con- 
stitutes all the navigable waters touching 
the county. The county has no turnpike 
or metal roads, but has as good graded dirt 
roads, maintained by a system of taxation, 
as there are to be found in the State. The 
Illinois Central and Mobile & Ohio are the 
railroads that touch Ballard County, and 
jointly contain twenty miles of road; this, 
in connection with the river frontage, 
renders transportation easy of access and 
freights reasonably low. Farm land will 
average in price about jii5 per acre, and 
good white labor can be had at ? 1 8 per 
month. There is a good opening for the 
establishment of a wagon, plow, and ini- 



])lement factory, as well as flour mills and 
canning factory. A creamery would also 
do well. 

Wickliffe is now the county seat of 
Ballard County, and is located on the 
Mississippi River six miles below Cairo, 
Illinois. It has a chair and furniture 
factory, two potteries, one wagon and 
buggy factory, and a large flouring mill. 
Blandville Baptist College, located at 
Blaiidville, is the only institution of 
learning within the county except the 
connnon schools, which are in a flourish- 
ing condition, the State fund being 
supplemented by local taxation. There 
is no bonded indebtedness of the county, 
and the tax rate for county jjurposes is 
seventeen cents on the Si 00 of taxable 
property. 



BARREN COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 23,197. County Skat, Glas<;ow. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, and Nine- 
teenth Senatorial Districts. 

Barren was taken from a portion of 
Green and Warren counties in 1798. It 
was the thirty-seventh county formed in 
the State. The county seat, Glasgow, is 
a beautiful town laid oft in a scjuare, with 
broad streets and a handsome new court 
house in the center. It contains two very 
commodious, niodernly arranged school - 
houses — Liberty Female College and the 
public school building. Excellent schools 
are now being taught in both of these 
buildings. The county is laid oft in school 
districts, and in every neighborhood fine 
schools are being taught. 

North, northeast, and nijrthwest of 
Glasgow the land is very fertile: the sur- 
face is smooth enough to admit of easy 
cultivation and rolling enough to drain 
well. The southern portion of the county 
is not so well favored in fertility of the 
soil and a smooth, even surface as the 



northern, as it is more broken or uneven. 
Yet in timber, fine running water, and in 
oil productions, it greatly excels the north- 
ern portion. Some of the finest oil wells 
in the State are found in this section of 
Barren County. The natural products of 
the county are oil, gas, pure water, and 
a reasonable amount of timber — consisting 
of oak, poplar, fjeech, hickory, gum, and 
cherry. Agricultural products : Tobacco, 
corn, wheat, oats, hay, and sorghum (in 
commercial value these rank in order 
named). In grasses, clover, orchard grass, 
timothy, red top, and bluegrass are the 
chief sorts grown. In fruits, apples, 
peaches, pears, plums, cherries, grapes, 
strawberries, and gooseberries, all are 
grown with more or less success. 

Dirt roads form the principal thorough- 
fares. However, there are two pikes 
(known as the upper and lower L. & N. 
pikes) that extend through the county. 
One of these, for its entire length in the 
county, has been macadamized, and the 



26 



CO M M E K C I A I. C, K O WT II 



ntlier partially so. These, as well as all 
the (lilt roads, arc kept up by the comity 
.nul all are entirely free from toll. 'Ilu' 
1-. i; N. railroad runs tlirouf;li the county 
about ten and one half miles, the Glasgow 
I^ranch railroad bcfjimiinR at Glasgow 
Junction, a station on the L. iS: N., teriiii- 
iiatiiif; at Glasfjow, a distance of ten and 



one half miles. The Mammotli Cave rail- 
road runs live miles in Barren County. 
making; in all twenty-six miles of railroad 
in the county. There are no navif;able 
streams in Barren County, but many 
of them will furnish an ahnndancc of 
water iiiuvcr In propel .my kind of 
niachincry. 



H.\Til COUNTY 



I'opui-ATION (Census icjoo), 14,734. County Si:.\r, Owincsx ili.e. 



liath County is in the Ninth Coni;rcs- 
clonal. Seventh Ap]ifllate, Twenty-first 
Judicial, Thirty-fifth Si'iiatorial, and Nine- 
ty-fourth Legislative Districts. 

Bath County was orjjanized in i .s 1 1 , 
out of parts of Bourbon and Montgomery. 
It is situated in the northeastern ]iart of 
the State. The northern and western 
portions of the county are undulating ami 
belong to the famous " bluegrass belt." 
This portion of the county is devoted to 
raising short-horn cattle, corn, wheat, and 
tobacco, and contains some of the finest 
farming land in the State. The southern 
ami eastern portions of the county are 
somewhat broken and hilly, though all the 
ceieals grow well. In the extreme eastern 
portion of the county there is to be found 
some of the finest timber in the State, 
such as oak, poplar, and walnut. Ilie 
Licking River runs along the eastern and 
northern boundary of the county and would 
be navigable as far as West Liberty, in 
Morgan County, if locked and dammed. 
The Licking is a splendid outlet for the 
shipments of timber, a large amount of 
which is lloateil down the river to market 
by means of •• lafts." Timber lands in 
this county, of which there is a great 
abundance, sell for from Jsio to S30 per 
acre. One of the finest iron ore deposits 
in the United States is found in the eastern 
portion of the county, about five miles east 
of Owingsville, the county seat. These 
mines are at present being operated by 



the Rose Run Iron Co. There are man\- 
other ore deposits in the county that re- 
main undeveloped. Light miles southeast 
Iroin the county seat is situated the famous 
Olymiiian Springs. 

White, black, and salt sulphur, chaly- 
beate, Epsom, alum, and soda are the 
waters to be found all within a radius of 
one half mile. These springs, for the past 
two years, have been fre<iuented by a large 
number of guests. On Slate Creek, a 
liibutary of Licking River, two miles south 
of Owingsville, stands the stack of the first 
iron furnace built west of the Alleghany 
Mountains. This furnace was built by 
Jacob Myers, Christopher Cjreenup, and 
others in the year 1790. The stack is in 
a fairly good state of preservation. It was 
at this furnace that the cannon balls were 
made that General Jackson used at the 
battle of New Orleans. 

This county has but one railroad, the 
C. \ O., which runs through the southern 
and eastern ])ortions of the county. There 
is also a narrow gauge road running from 
Salt Lick, on the C. & O. , to the timber 
and coal lands ou the Upper Licking River; 
this is valuable as a feeder to the C. & O. 
This county has about 156 miles of turn- 
pike, which is now kept up by means of 
ta.xation. There are no toll gates on any 
of the pikes. The dirt roails are good for 
the most part, and indeed all the roads 
are gradually imiiroviiig. The average 
price for farm labor in this county is 



S T A T !•: OK K E N T U C K V 



27 



I loin $iz tu S15 per iiiDiitli, iiK'liuling 
liuard. 

The school facilities in this county are 
j^ood. Bath Seniinary, situated in Owings- 
ville, offers spleiKhd inducements to those 
wishing to avail themselves of a higher 
education, while at Sharpsburg, that town 
has a normal school that any place might 
be justly proud of. The public schools 
in the county, taken as a whole, are as 
good as the best. Owingsville, the county 
seat, is one of the jjrettiest and most cul- 
tured and wealthy towns of its size in the 
State. It has a population of about 
1,500, and is blessed with all modern im- 
provements. It has two strong banks, 
two newspapers, four churches all in good 
buildings, electric lights, telephone e.\- 
change, and will soon be connected with 
the outside world by telephone. She has 
a citizenship equal to tlie very best. The 
town has long needed a flouring mill, and 
an industry of this character would doubt- 
less bring large returns. The town is 



situated on a high hill and has natural 
drainage and splendid water. 

Sharpsburg, situated in the noilliwest- 
ern |>art of the county, is a town of im- 
portance. Bethel, five miles east of 
Shaqisburg, is an important village and 
is a large shipping point for cattle, hogs, 
and tobacco. Wyoming, Odessa, Key- 
noldsville, I'"orge Hill, 01ym])ia, and ^'ale 
are all thriving villages. Salt Lick, on 
the C. iN; O. railroad, in the eastern portion 
of the county, is the largest shipping point 
in the county. More than 500 men are 
now employed in the forest south of Salt 
Lick, making staves and getting out timber 
for shipment East. The timber lying 
adjacent to this place is of the best 
([uality and the cpiantity is almost inex- 
haustible. 

The land in the eastern |)ortioii ol tlie 
county can be purchased for from Sio to 
S20 per acre, and this land is peculiarly 
ada])ted to fruit culture, timothy grass, 
and the cereals. 



BELL COUNTY 



Population (Censi-'s 1900), 15,701. Cointy Seat, I'ineville. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congression:il, 
Seventh Senatorial, Seventh Appellate, 
and Twenty-sixth Judicial Districts. 

Bell County was formed from parts of 
Harlem, Knox, and Whitley counties in 
the year 1867, and was named in honor 
of the Hon. Joshua F. Bell, who was a 
member of the legislature from that dis- 
trict at the time of the organization of the 
county. 

It is the impression of many ])eople 
living in western, central, and northern 
Keutucky, and people living in other 
States, that when one enters Hell County 
he or she is in great danger of being killed 
by a '•mountaineer" without any provo- 
cation whatever. This impression is false. 
When one comes to Bell County they find 
the best people on earth; not many are 



what may l)e tcniird rirli, l.ul lli(;y an- the 
most charitable people in the world. If 
afflictions or adverse fortune renders one 
a subject for assistance, no appeal is nec- 
essary other than the mere fact that they 
are a fit subject. It is fact that Bell 
County, up to a few years ago, has had a 
bloody record, but at a recent term of the 
Bell Circuit Court Judge Hall cleared the 
docket of murder cases, and to-day, with 
as many miners as there are in the county, 
and while the character of labor all over 
the country is in the greatest turmoil, will 
be found a most hospitable and peaceful 
people. If those who think them barba- 
rous and uncivilized would go into their 
midst they would find school houses and 
churches up every creek and hollow in the 
coiuity, and we will show them a hii])py, 



28 



C C ) M M i: K C 1 A L G K CJ \V T H 



■church-going people who used to take a 
deHght in shedding the blood of their fel- 
low men. but have changed with the tunes 
to righteous, law-abiding citizens. 

Cumberland River and its tributaries 
furnish an abundant supply of water for all 
purposes for the entire county. Clear 
Creek empties into the river near Pineville, 
on the south side of Pine Mountain, and 
Straight Creek on the north side, affording 
magnificent water power and drainage. 
Yellow Creek, running directly through the 
■city of Middlesboro, affords sufficient 
drainage for a city of 100,000 people. 
The mild climate, uniform temperature, 
and splendid water and drainage combine 
to make this county an extraordinarily 
healthy one. 

Pure rhonibohedral iron ore abounds in 
most evei'v section of the county. The 
north side of Pine Mountain shows three 
hundred feet of the best subcarboniferous 
limestone, while the northern side of same 
mountain is a solid mass of the finest build- 
ing l)lue-gray sandstone in the country; it 
is easily worked, uniform and durable. 
The best of domestic and coking coal in 
the market is mined and made at Pineville, 
Middlesboro, and Chenoa. 

More than one half million acres of the 
finest timber in the world is accessible to 
the people of Pineville and Middlesboro 
through the different streams and railroads 
•converging at these points: poplar, walnut, 
ash, oaks cf all kinds, lynn, chestnut, and 
chestnut oak, the latter furnishing the 
finest tanbark in the world. 

New coal mines are being opened up 
.continuously. Coal lands are being sought 
after and are being bought extensively. 

The public roads are not good in this 
county, and are kept up by the road militia, 
which would indicate that the old >• warn- 
ing out system '" is getting to be a failure. 

The Cumberland Valley branch of the 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad has within 
this county 20.23 niiles of railroad. The 
•Cumberland River & Tennessee Railroad 
12.50 miles. The West Virginia, Pine- 



ville & Tennessee has 2.25 miles. The 
Middlesboro Belt Railway Co. has 18.03 
miles. The Knoxville, Cumberland Gap 
& Louisville Railroad has 3.50 miles in the 
county. The five railroads furniah ample 
transportation for the i)roducts of the 
county. 

The agricultural products of the county 
are hardly sufficient for home consump- 
tion. Vegetables and fruits of all kinds 
can be had and are produced in abun- 
dance. Grains are grown successfully 
where interest is taken. Clover and orch- 
ard grass give better results than others. 

Pineville, the county seat, is situated at 
the base of Pine Mountain, which, at this 
point, rises to a height of 2,200 feet above 
the sea level, and 1,500 above Cumber- 
laud Valley, Pineville is the central point 
of distribution for Southeastern Kentucky, 
and is the only water gap from Jellico to 
the " breaks of the Big Sandy." 

Middlesboro University, a branch of the 
Richmond (Ky.) University, is located at 
Middlesboro, and its workings do credit 
and honor to its mother institution. Of 
the public schools in Bell County and the 
rapid strides they have made toward the 
front in the past two years too much can 
not be said. The teachers have a library 
of two hundred and forty volumes, eighty- 
nine of which constitute the prize given bv 
the State to the county showing the larg- 
est per cent of its teachers enrolling in the 
State reading circle, completing the course 
antl receiving certificates for the year 
1895. Out of the fifty-two districts in the 
county, forty- five have globes and maps 
and charts, and in most all the districts 
the "backless bench" has disappeared, 
and desks of the very latest patent have 
taken their place. No district has supple- 
mented the public money to extend the 
term of the school beyond the term of five 
months. 

The bonded indebtedness of Bell County 
is 538,000: in 1894 this debt wasS6o,ooo. 
The rate of taxation for county pur])Oses 
is sixty cents per one hundred dollars. 



STATE OF K E N T U C K Y 



BOONE COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 11,170. County Skat, Burlington. 



Situated in tlit- Si.xtli Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-third Senatorial, and Seventy- 
eighth Legislative Districts. 

Boone County, the thirtieth formed in 
the State, was organized in 179S, and 
was formed out of part of Campbell 
County and named in honor of Daniel 
Boone. It is the most northern county in 
the State. The area of the county con- 
tains 152,869 acres. The principal water 
courses of the county are the Ohio Kiver, 
which washes its northern and western 
border for forty-two miles, and Big Bone, 
Mud Lick, Gunpowder, Middle, Woolper 
and Ashby's Fork creeks. These creeks 
supply an abundance of stock water, but 
are not available for water power or navi- 
gation. 

The soil of Boone County along the 
river bottoms is of almost inexhaustible 
fertility, and the hill lands are well 
adapted to the growth of all kinds of 
agricultural products that can be grown in 
this latitude. The crops now principally 
grown are corn, wheat, hay, and tobacco. 

There is about ten per cent of tlie 
area of this county in timber land, in- 
cluding the varieties of oak, gum, poplar, 
hickory, ash. walnut, beech, sycamore, 
lynn, and water and ^ hill maple. There 
are no bodies of timber land in this 
county for sale. 

The noted Big Bone Springs, situated 
near a hamlet of the same name in the 
southern part of the county, was visited 
as early as 1773 by Captain Thomas 
Bullitt and the McAfee party. James 
Douglass, of this party, remained here 
for some time to explore these springs, 
examine and drink of their health-giving 
waters. The right kind of a hotel, under 
proper management, as a summer resort, 
would beyond doubt be a money-making 
investment, for this place is of national 



reputation. An electric railway from Cov- 
ington, a distance of twenty-two miles, to- 
these springs has been projected, and 
doubtless will be built at no distant date. 
At one of these springs salt was manu- 
factured by the early settlers, and this 
was continued until a few years ago. 
Anywhere here for acres around a well 
can be sunk and these same waters 
obtained. 

The bones of the largest mastodon ever 
discovered in the world, of which history 
relates, were discovered here, and are 
now in a museum in London, England. 
Some idea of the immensity of size of 
these gigantic animals of tradition can be 
realized when one has seen a tusk over 
sixteen feet in length and fifteen inches in 
circumference, this being the size of one 
that was unearthed here just a few years 

ago- 
Split Rock, located on the banks of the 
Ohio River, three and a quarter miles 
below Petersburg, and over a quarter of a 
mile above the mouth of Woolper Creek, 
is, in all the term implies, a natural 
curiosity. 

Several very brilliant sapphires, almost 
equaling the diamond in hardness and 
brilliancy, have been picked up here. 
Pleasure seekers and tourists for many 
miles around visit this curiosity of nature 
every summer. In the immediate vicinity 
of Split Rock, and situated on Taylor's 
Creek, are several caves, one of which is 
an almost square room, sixteen feet each 
way, in which a number of mummified 
pigmies of the human race have been 
found, some of which appear to be chil- 
dren but a few days old, petrified, retain- 
ing perfect form and features. 

lu the way of industries this county has 
a large distillery, cooper shop, flouring 
mill, saw and planing mill, steam and 
water grist mill, numerous toliacco ware- 



\o 



C O M Nf E R C I A I, G R ( ) W T H 



houses, and canning and preserving facto- 
ries that sell their products not only in 
this country but in Europe. 

The Ohio River, which runs almost 
two thirds the' way around the county, 
and the Ciucinnati. New Orleans & Texas 
Pacific and the Louisville & Nashville 
railways, which run through the eastern 
edges of the county for a distance of g. 13 
and 9.48 miles respectively, furnish the 
county with ample transportation facili- 
ties. No other roads are projected at this 
time. 

The county has eighty-four and three- 
quarter miles of macadam roads, main- 
tained by the statutory charges of toll. The 
county has about 350 miles of dirt roads, 
which are maintained by a property tax 
of 10 cents on the Sioo worth of taxable 
property, and the working of these roads 
is supervised by overseers appointed bv 
the count}' judge. The roads are fnlly 
up to the average for such roads through 
the State. However, we do not find that 
the management of the road system in 
this county deserves any words of 
praise. 



With the exception of a few negroes, 
the labor of this county is performed by 
native white men. The average price per 
month for farm labor, with board, is about 
? I 2 ; without board, about $ 1 7 per month . 

The League Institute, of Verona, and 
the Walton .\cademy, of Walton, are 
both institutions of learning that are an 
honor and credit to the county. The 
common schools are managed by an 
efficient and worthy superintendent and 
capable teachers. 

Burlington, the county seat, is situated 
near the center of the county, and eight 
miles from the nearest railroad station, 
Erlanger. The town has about 300 
inhabitants, two general merchandise 
stores, one drug store, a bank, a good 
hotel, a printing office, which is owned 
and managed by W. I^. Riddell, editor of 
the Boone County Recorder, one of the 
best papers in the State outside the city 
of Louisville; also four nice church build- 
ings. The town is laid off in a square, 
with a beautiful court house in the center. 
The town is connected with the outside 
world bv long-distance telephone. 



BOURBON COUNTY 



PoprLATioN (Census igoo), i8,o6g. Cou.ntv Se.\t, Paris 



Situated in the Seventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Fourteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-eighth Senatorial, and Seventv. 
fifth Legislative Districts. 

Formed in 1775 from Fayette Countv, 
and named in honor of the famous Bour- 
bon family of France. Bourbon County 
was one of the nine counties organized by 
the Virginia Legislature before Kentucky 
became a State. It is bounded on the 
north by Harrison, the east by Mont- 
gomery, the south by Fayette, and west 
by Scott, and is watered by Stoner. Hink- 
ston, Houston, and Boone creeks, and 
the south fork of the Licking River. 
Located in the heart of the bluegrass 



region, the gently undulating soil is won- 
derfully fertile, producing generous yields 
of wheat, corn, barley, oats, hemp, 
tobacco, etc. The virgin half of the soil 
produces about 150,000 bushels of blue- 
grass seed per year, and furnishes grazing 
for sheep giving an annual wool clip 
worth $15,000; for valuable horse, mule, 
and hog stock, and for $300,000 worth of 
fine export beef cattle every year. Scores 
of the best race horses the turf has ever 
known were bred in Bourbon County. 

The soil furnishes an abundance of 
primitive limestone for building purposes. 
In the county are two undeveloped lead 
mines — one in Paris, and the other near 



STATE OF K E \ T U C K ^• 



31 



Millersburg. Near North Middletown is 
an oil well, bored during; the Civil War. 
Oak, ash. hickory, elm, sugar-tree, wild 
cherry, mulberiy and box elder constitute 
liberal timber resources. The walnut 
timber is being rapidly cut away. The 
fruit crop averages probably S6,ooo per 
year. None of the streams are navigable. 

There are two hundred and seventj'-six 
miles of excellent turnpikes and thirty- 
nine miles of dirt roads in the county — 
every mile being free. The pikes were 
freed without a lawless or violent act at 
an aggregate cost of §55,000. The 
thirty-eight miles of the Louisville & 
Nashville Railroad, comprising branches in 
four directions — to Lexington, Covington, 
\Mnchester and Maysville — and the 
Frankfort & Cincinnati (Kentucky Mid- 
land) eleven miles, going to Georgetown 
and Frankfort, afford railroad competi- 
tion and give Bourbon excellent shipping 
facilities. It has been proposed to ex- 
tend the Frankfort & Cincinnati road to 
the mountains of Eastern Keotucky. 

-Bourbon has no natural curiosities save 
a few Indian mounds, and a buffalo trace 
on Cane Ridge, but in her soil reposes the 
remains of Edward Boone, the pioneer 
and Indian fighter and brother of Daniel 
Boone. Bones of mastodons have been 
found in excavations near Paris. 

The average price of farm land in 
Bourbon is sixty dollars per acre. The 
farm hands employed are mostly colored. 



the wages being from Si 5 to Si 8 per 
month. There are no foreign colonies 
in the county. There is an excellent 
opening for tobacco, hemp, broom-corn 
manufacturing interests, and fruit can- 
ning enterprises. The county furnishes 
an abundant supply of these products. 

Paris, the county seat, is a beautiful 
and enterprising city of about 7,500 in- 
habitants. The city is located on high 
ground, and Stoner and Houston creeks, 
which flow through the corporate limits, 
offer fine advantages and locations for 
factories. The city is healthy and is a 
delightful place of residence, having 
electric lights, water-works, electric fire 
alarm system, competitive telegraph and 
telephone communication, ice factory, 
handsome business blocks and residences, 
well appointed stores, fine theater and 
school buildings, and nine churches. 
The people are progressive, intelligent, 
robust, and hospitable. 

The Millersburg Female College, a 
flourishing institution, has recently been 
improved and refurnished. The public 
schools are in an admirable condition. 
The public fund is supplemented by local 
taxation in but three of the count}- dis- 
tricts. The county has no bonded debt. 
The rate of taxation is eighty-seven cents 
on the Si 00, fifty-seven and one half for 
revenue, nine and one half for general 
purposes and twenty-five cents for turn- 
pikes. 



BOYD COUNTY 

PoruLATioN (Census igoo), 18,834. County Seat, Catlettsburg. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, 
Thirty-second Senatorial, and Ninetv- 
eighth Legislative Districts. 

Boyd Count)' was taken from the coun- 
ties of Greenup, Carter, and Lawrence in 
i860, and was organized as a county in 
that year. It is situated in the extreme 
northeastern part of the State. 



The county is drained by the Ohio, 
Big and Little Sandy and their tributaries, 
which also afford an abundant water sup- 
ply for the county. East Fork drains the 
more central and western portion of the 
county, while the Big Sandy and its tribu- 
taries drain the eastern portion. 

The soil of Boyd County is particularly 
good along its ri\ers and creek bottoms. 



32 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



being for the most part a ricli sandy loam, 
and produces well, the principal products 
of the Boyd County farm being corn, 
wheat, oats, and some tobacco. The 
grasses usually grown in Kentucky grow 
well in this county. There is an abun- 
dant supply of good timber yet in the 
county, embracing all the species and 
varieties found in any of the other coun- 
ties in Eastern Kentucky, and large tracts 
of the same can be purchased at reason- 
able prices. Diversified farming is not 
engaged in in this county further than to 
supply domestic demands. The mineral 
resources of this county are very great, 
being the attractive feature for human 
effort here. The best of iron and coal 
are found in the count)', and the same has 
been largely developed and a large and 
very desirable class of population has been 
attracted here thereby. 

Boj'd County has most e.xcellent country 
roads, many of them being good turnpikes 
and are free of toll, but are maintained 
and kept up by the county. All of the 
public roads are kept in good condition. 
The Mavs\iUe& Big Saridv Railroad runs 



through the eastern part of the State, 
and the Elizabethtown, Lexington & Big 
Sandy roads run through the northern 
and western part of the county. These 
roads are operated by the Chesapeakt- 
& Ohio system, and together with the 
Ohio River bordering on the northern 
portion of the county, afford ample 
and convenient transportation for the 
county, and also sufficient competition in 
that line. Farm labor is supplied mostly 
by native vhites and can be employed at 
prices ranging from ten to twelve dollars 
per month and board. The educational 
facilities of the county are furnished princi- 
pally bv the common schools, which are well 
attended and are under good management. 
.■\shland, a considerable manufacturing 
city, is the principal town in the county, 
and has a population of nearly 5,000. 

Catlettsburg, the county seat, is situ- 
ated at the junction of the Big Sandy and 
the Ohio rivers. It is a thriving town of 
over 2,000 population. It has good 
schools and churches, and its merchants 
are wide-awake and progressive business 
men. 



B O Y L E C O U X 1' \' 



Popii.ATiON (Censis 1900). 13,817. Coi'NTV Seat, Danville. 



Situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Fifth .Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Eigh- 
teenth Senatorial, and Sixty-fifth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Boyle County, the ninety-fourth in order 
of organization, was formed in 1S42 out 
of parts of Mercer, Lincoln, and Casey 
counties, and is near, if not the geographi- 
cal center of the State, While it is one 
of the smallest counties in area (having 
only a little over a hundred thousand acres 
of land), its assessed valuation of prop- 
erty listed for taxable purposes is more 
than seven million dollars. Its soil is rich, 
deep, and easily cultivated, adapted to 
wheat, corn, tobacco, hemp, oats, millet. 



timothy, clover, orchard grass, bluegrass, 
and all other crops and grasses usually 
grown on bluegrass soil. 

There is but little timber in the county 
except the poplar, ash, walnut, cherry, and 
locust scattered through the woodland 
pastures of the farms. 

White and gray limestone furnish an 
abundance for building and road purposes. 
In the southern part of the county, near 
Junction City, are Linnietta Springs, of 
wide renown as a health resort. 

There are two lines of railroads, the 
Knoxville Division of the Louisville & 
Xashville running through the county from 
west to east, and the Cincinnati, New 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



JO 



Orleans & Texas Pacific from north to 
south, crossing the L. & N. R. K. at Junc- 
tion City, in the southern part of the 
county. 

The county owns about loo miles of 
turnpikes and macadamized roads, all of 
which are maintained by taxation. There 
are no toll-gates in the county. 

The county has a large negro population, 
from which a large proportion of the farm 
laborers are obtained. The average wages 
per month with board is about Si 5, and 
without board about $zo. 

The educational facilities of the county 
are all that could be desired, there being 
more than fifty public schools, academies, 
and colleges distributed all over the county. 

Danville, the county seat, founded in 
1782 by Walker Daniel, is one of the 
oldest towns in the State, and is to-day a 
thriving little city with about 6,000 inhabi- 
tants, one railroad, churches of all de- 



nominations, three national banks, one tri- 
weekly newspaper, gas and water-works, 
ice factory, flouring mills, and a number 
of other fldurishing mercantile and manu- 
facturing concerns. Danville is widely 
known as an educational center, having 
some of the oldest and best-equipped in- 
stitutions of learning in the South. Among 
them are the Kentucky Institute for the 
Deaf, established in 1823, Old Central 
College, recently consolidated with Central 
University at Richmond, Caldwell Female 
Institute, Hogsett Military Academy, an 
excellent City High School, and a number 
of other public and private schools for 
both white and colored pupils. 

Perryville, situated in the western part 
of the county, is a wide-awake business- 
like little city with several hundred inhabi- 
tants. It was in and around this town 
that the battle of Perryville was fought in 
October, 1862. 



BRACKEN COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 12,137. County Seat, Brookville. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-sixth Senatorial, and Eighty-fifth 
Legislative Districts. 

Bracken County was formed out of 
parts of Campbell and Mason counties in 
1796. It was named in honor of William 
Bracken, an early pioneer, and was the 
twenty-third county created in the State. 
The lands are mostly high and rolling and 
contain just enough limestone to make 
them fertile and especially adapted to the 
growth of tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, and 
hay, tobacco being the principal article of 
export. Bluegrass, with timothy and clo- 
ver, are abundant and grow to perfection. 
Also many varieties of fruits. 

Such is the character of the soil that, 
when seemingly exhausted, it can in a few 
years be reclaimed by grassing. 

The North Fork of the Licking River. 
Big Bracken, Locust, Turtle, Snag, Holts, 



and Big Kinkaid creeks are the prin- 
cipal streams, furnishing, with the Ohio 
River, abundant water for man and 
beast. 

All classes of timber usually grown in 
this section, especially hard wood, are 
found in this county. 

There are 175 miles of turnpike free to 
the traveling public. All roads of any im- 
portance have been macadamized. There 
are twenty-nine and three fourth miles of 
completed railroad in the county. Nine- 
teen and three fourths miles of the C. & 
O. run through the Ohio valley, and ten 
miles of road have just been completed 
from Wellsburg to Brookville. It was 
built by the citizens of the county. 

None but first-class farm hands are em- 
ployed, at from twelve to sixteen dollars 
per month. 

There is one vegetable and fruit can- 
nery located at Augusta. There are three 



C O M M E K C 1 A I, GRO W T H 



good banks aiul two li\e newspapers, 
which are well patronized. 

There is an excellent opening for both 
tobacco and shoe factories at Augusta, a 
live town with an estimated population of 
2,000, where a model school building, 
costing §20.000. has just been completed 
on the site of the "Old .\cademy Build- 
ing, " one of the first institutions of learning 
erected west of the Alleghany Mountains. 
There are also excellent openings for manu- 
facturing enterprises at Wellsburg. Both 
of these towns are well located and have ex- 
cellent shipping facilities by rail and water. 

This county is noted for the growth of 
w hite Burley tobacco, especially the color, 



texture, and fiber of the plant when cured, 
and is one of the foremost, and possibly 
leads, the counties in northern Kentucky 
engaged in this industry. 

Brookville, the county seat, is situated 
near the center of the county, and is a 
thriving and prosperous town. Graded 
schools are maintained in -Augusta. Brook- 
ville. Johnsville, and Germantown, with 
competent and well-paid instructors. In 
some instances the public funds are sup- 
plemented by local taxation. In every 
part of the county there are convenient 
schools, mills, churches, and almost every 
convenience or necessity of modern civili- 
zation. 



BREATHITT C O I" X T Y 



Population (Census 1900), 14,322. County Seat, Jackson. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh .\ppellate. Twenty-third Judicial, 
Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Ninety-sec- 
ond Legislative Districts. 

Breathitt County was formed in 1S39 
from parts of Clay, Perry, and Estill coun- 
ties. 

The surface of the county is mountain- 
ous and hilly, but the valleys are very 
fertile and productive. The North and 
Middle Forks of the Kentucky River flow 
through the county, and with all their 
various tributaries it is well watered and 
drained. The North Fork is navigable 
for small steamboats as far up as Jack- 
sou, the county seat, during the rainy 
season, for about six months in the year. 

Breathitt is famous for its coal fields. 
It has inexhaustible fields of the finest 
caunel and bituminous coals, the George's 
Branch, Wilson Wedge, Buckhorn, Flint 
Kidge, and Howards Fork fields. There 
is also an almost inexhaustible bituminous 
coal field within the corporate limits of 
Jackson, the county seat, now being op- 
erated by the Jackson Coal Company. 



The above are only a few of the vast coal 
fields in this county. 

The county is covered with the finest 
oak. poplar, ash, cucumber, sugar-tree, 
beech, birch, and hickory timber. The 
poplar is being very rapidly worked out, 
but the rest of the timber is comparatively 
untouched, and almost inexhaustible in 
(piantity, and can be bought for from 
four to six dollars per acre. 

The countv is being dotted over with 
mills used for the purpose of manufactur- 
ing lumber. This business is increasing 
almost daily. 

The soil in Breathitt County produces 
fine vegetables, corn, oats, rye, wheat, 
tobacco, and the various grasses, also the 
finest apples are grown here. Corn and 
oats are the principal products now raised. 
There are two mineral springs on Cane 
Creek, about four miles west of Jackson, 
whose waters possess wonderful healing 
qualities. 

There are sixty-seven public schools 
taught in the county. The S. P. 
Lee's Collegiate Institute, a branch of 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



35 



Central University, Richmond. Ky., is 
located at Jackson and has about two 
hundred pupils enrolled. This is a 
splendid educational institution, and has a 



manual training, domestic science, and 
musical department, and offers all the 
advantages to be found at any prepara- 
tory school in the State. 



BRECKINRIDGE COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900^, 20,534. County Seat, Hardinsburg. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Second .Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Tenth 
Senatorial, and Twenty-eighth Legislative 
Districts. 

Breckinridge County was formed in 
1799. and lies in the northwestern part of 
the State, on the Ohio River. 

Its principal water-courses are: Sinking 
Creek, Hardin's Creek, Clover Creek, Tar- 
fork Creek, Calamese Creek, Rough 
Creek, Bull Creek, and Town Creek. 
None of these streams are navigable, ex- 
cept for rafts at high tide. 

The soil is very fertile and grows fine 
crops of tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables, 
and fruits. 

A great variety of timber, including all 
classes usually grown in this climate, is 
found in the county, which at one time 
was very heavily timbered. 

An abundance of natural gas is found 
in certain localities. 

The celebrated White Sulphur and Tar 
Springs, a noted health resort, is located 
four and one half miles south of Clover- 
port. 

Numerous mills, factories, and dis- 
tilleries are located at different points 
throughout the county. 



Cloverport, one of the most important 
towns, has three vitrified brick plants, 
shops of the L. , H. & St. L. railroad, two 
mills, a number of good stores and busi- 
ness houses. 

Hardinsburg, the county seat, is cent- 
rally located, is accessible by rail and turn- 
pike. It has a $40,000 court house, a 
S 12,000 jail (stone cells), several very 
costly private residences, two good hotels, 
two large flouring mills, one stave factory, 
and the Bank of Hardinsburg, with a cap- 
ital of $25,000. There are about seventy 
miles of railroad in the county, operated 
by the L., H. & St. L. R'y Co., which 
runs through some of the best portions of 
the county and has been the means of 
large improvement and development ; ten 
miles of macadamized road in the county, 
leading from Hardinsburg to Cloverport, 
and more being constructed on the public 
roads throughout the county. 

The educational facilities are excellent. 
The Breckinridge Normal College, situated 
at Hardinsburg, is a first-class institution. 
Cloverport has another fine school and so 
has Glendean. There are good public 
schools taught in every district in the 
county for five months in each year. 



BULLITT COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 9,602. County Seat, Shepherdsville. 

Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Bullitt County, named in honor of 

Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Twelfth Captain Thomas Bullitt, who, in company 

Senatorial, and Forty-first Legislative with a brave band of hardy Virginians. 

Districts. did considerable surveying in the vicinity 



36 



C O M M K K C 1 A 1 t,". K O \V T H 



of Shephervlsville and Bullitt's Lick, iu 
i77j, was carv-evl out of Jetferson and 
NelsoH counties iu 1700. and was the 
twenty-second county to be fonuet.1 after 
Kentucky l>ecan»e an oi-sunije^i State. 

Bullitt County is tra\-ei-sevl fivni east to 
wvst by Salt Ri\-er. which is navigable for 
a distance of twel\-e miles. Salt Riwr has 
two tributaines of innv>rtauce. the Rolling 
Fork, which flows into the ri\-er fivni the 
southeast, and Floyd's Fork, which flows 
frvHU the Bear^iiass country on the north. 
Rolliuj: Fork is navig«ble for a distance 
of tew miles, for small boats, and the 
fannei-s along its banks dei-^nd upon the 
river to mai'ket their crops atid stock. 

Wheat, com. oats. r>-e. barley, all kinds 
of grasses, fruits, and \-eg*tables are grown 
iu this county, especially wheat and com. 
The S;ilt Ri\-er \-alley. Cox's Creek bot- 
toms. Rolling Fork K^ttoms, and Flo\-d's 
Fork K>tloms are equal to any land in the 
State in the production of com, and 
whext the uplands ha\-e been taken care 
of and manured and do\-ered, twenty- 
se\i»a bushels of wheat ha\-e been averaged 
on large fields per acre. 

Hickory, ash. oak. pine, locust, linu. 
poplar, cedar, chejty, and in fact all kinds 
of timber iudigenous to Kentucky, grow iu 
Bullitt. 

Bullitt County contains many mineral 
wells, whose waters aK>uud in medicinal 



virtues. Chief among these is the well at 
Patx^iuet Springs, famous in antelvflUnn 
days as the foivm^vst sununer ivsort in the 
South. 

Shephervisville, the county seat, lies 
on the north bank of Salt River wheiv the 
main stem of the Lovjisville & Nashville 
RailiXKul Classes that stivam,,ind lies about 
eighteen miles south of Louisville, It is 
the oldest iucv»rpv>ratei.l town in Kentucky 
with the single exception of Hamxlslnu-g. 
and has a population of alK>ut thr«e hun- 
dred. It enjoys the distinction of having 
the largest and best stores to be found in 
the State outside of the lai-ge cities, a 
handsome new court house which cost 
$17,400, govxl gradexl schools for white 
and colore?*.! pupils, and in the past few 
yeare msuiy handsome residences h.ivo 
been erected. 

Gas, oil, ore, and the finest quality of 
building stvnie is found in the county. 

Theiv is but one college in Bullitt 
County, and that is for coloreil citi--eus. 
It was built by Eckstein Norton, for whom 
it was nametl, and has a large attendance, 

Bullitt has twenty-si.\ and one half miles 
of coixnpleted railiv>ad, belonging to the 
Louisville & Nashville Raila>ad Company, 
lujd ten miles of free turnpikes. 

The character of lalxir employed by 
farmers and others is as a rule high, and 
wages ver>" good. 



BUTLEK CO IN TV 



PoPCLATioK v^Cessvs 1900). 15.896. CovsTY Seat. Morg.\sto\vs, 



Situated in the Second .Appellate Court 
District, in the Third Congressional Dis- 
trict, in tlie Seventh Senatorial District, 
in the Eightli Judicial District, and to- 
gether with Edmouson County constitutes 
a Legislative District. 

In iSio the county of Butler was carved 
out of the counties of Logan and Ohio. 
Two years later Morg-.intown was incor- 
porated and establishetl as the county seat. 



The surface of Butler County is some- 
what broken, hills, flats, and valleys 
everywhere aK>unding, The soils of the 
uplands of the liujestoue section, which 
are restricteil to the southeastern portion 
of the county, are very rich and productive, 
and are well adapted to all Kentucky prod- 
ucts particularly to wheat and tobacco: 
the sandstone uplands of the rest of the 
countv are hardiv so fertile, but are well 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



37 



arlapted to lighter grains, fruits, and 
melons. The valley lands and bottoms 
are as rich as any in the State, and their 
yields of corn can not be excee<led. 

Poplar, oak, j^um, ash, hickory, chest- 
nut, beech, and sycamore are the principal 
timberf) of value indigenouh to the s'jil; 
and these, though they have been cut and 
s'jld in the market for many years, yet 
abound. Annually thousands of dollars' 
worth of logs are run down the creeks to 
Green Kiver, and thence to the local saw 
mills and the Evansville market. The 
cross-tie business and stave business are 
now consuming more timber than i)erhap8 
any other branch of the lurnh>er industry. 
The white oak of this, the Green Kiver 
section, is claimed to be the finest in the 
world, awards to that effect having been 
giving in sundry competitive exhibits both 
at home and abroad. 

Butler County is in the Western Ken- 
tucky coal field, and has some of the 
finest bituminous coals in the State. The 
annual output of commercial coal is more 
than 30,000 tons, and finds a market in 
Bowling Green, Evansville, and inter- 
mediate points along Green and Barren 
rivers. The principal mines are those 
located at Aberdeen, on Green River, and 
within one mile of Morgantown. The 
Aberdeen Coal & Mining Company and 



the West Aberdeen Coal Company oper- 
ate these mines. 

Nearly all freights to and from market 
are shipped by river, and a fine line of 
steamers ply from Bowling Green to 
Evansville, affording ready and reason- 
able rates of transjx/rtati'^i. A system of 
locks and dams on Green and Barren 
rivers permit navigation throughout the 
year, and the boats not only run from Bowl- 
ing Green to Evansville, but go to points 
far up Green River into Edmons'/n County 
as well. The government is constructing 
a lock between Woodbury and Brownsville, 
which when completed will permit all- 
year navigation to the latter point. 

Morgantown, the county seat.has a popu- 
lation of more than a thousand people and 
is most pictures'juely situated, standing on 
a high plateau overlooking the river. A 
fine mill, an excellent school, a flourishing 
bank, together with many first-class busi- 
ness concerns, contribute to make the 
town a commercial and educational center. 

The school system of the county will 
average with that of any county in the 
State of like conditions. Some of the 
most prominent men in the State, and 
many who have gone into other sections 
of the nation and won place and honor, 
have received their early education in 
Butler County schools. 



CALDWELL COUNTY 

POPULATIOK CCeSSUS I9O0), 14,510. CoUHTY SeaT, PbISCETOK. 



Situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Fourth Sena- 
torial, and Ninth L-egLslative Districts. 

Caldwell County was the fifty-first or- 
ganized in the State, and was formed in 
1S09 from a part of Livingston County. 

Tlie southern portion of the county is 
level, the soil very fertile, which makes it 
very productive, while the northern part 
is hilly and heawly timbered with the best 
quality of oak, poplar, walnut, and hickory. 



There is much valuable stone which is 
used to advantage in different ways, such 
as keeping the roads in repair, building 
purposes, and in being made into lime by 
the two large lime-works which are in 
operation. Coal has been found in many 
localities, but it is only being worked in 
two or three places at present. Spar also 
abounds in the county, and the mine now 
in operation will likely prove a great 
source of wealth to the county. The oil 



38 



C O M M E K C I A L G R O W T H 



fields are abundant, and a stock company 
organized in this county will begin oper- 
ating wells at once. 

The roads are in very good condition. 
and are kept so by a county fund raised 
for that purpose. It has two railroads, 
which intersect each other at the county 
seat, one running north and south and the 
other east and west. They are both of 
the Illinois Central system. 

Caldwell County is one of the best coun- 
ties in the western portion of the State for 
stock raising, and large numbers of cattle, 
sheep, and hogs are shipped to market 
every year. Fruit grows well in all parts of 
the county, consisting of apples, pears, 
peaches, grapes, plums, strawberries, etc. 

The Tradewater River with its tribu- 
taries water the northern portion of the 
county, while the southern part is watered 
by springs and creeks. There are quite 
a number of mineral springs in various 
parts of the county which are capable of 
being made beautiful health and pleasure 
resorts. Some streams capable of oper- 
ating machinery are found, the water of 
which is being utilized for such purposes. 
There are many natural curiosities in the 
county, such as caves, hills, and project- 



ing rocks towering far above us and often 
presenting the most beautiful scenery. 
There is in the county a Spanish fort and 
an Indian fortification that have many 
strange historical facts connected with 
them. There is an ice cave in which may 
be found ice at any time of the j'ear. 

The agricultural products of the county 
are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, fruits, 
and vegetables. The grasses are clover, 
timothy, orchard grass, and bluegrass. 
The farmers use the best improved 
machinery. 

Princeton, the county seat, a city of 
about 3,500 mhabitants, is located near 
the center of the county, and is the center 
of a rich agricultural region. It has many 
factories, foundries, and mills. It has 
two of the largest tobacco factories in the 
world, one of which is claimed to be the 
largest. 

The county has splendid educational 
advantages. The public schools of the 
county are in thriving condition, while the 
city of Princeton can boast of one of 
the best colleges in Western Kentucky. 
Princeton Collegiate Institute enjoys a 
large and increasing patronage from a 
number of the surrounding States. 



CALLOW" .\ \" C O U X T Y 



Population (Census 1900), 17,633. County Seat. Mlrkav. 



Situated in the First Congressional, First 
Appellate. Third J udicial. Third Senatorial, 
and Fifth Legislative Districts. 

Calloway County is situated in the 
southwestern portion of the State, and 
lies along the Tennessee State line. This 
county IS abundantly watered and well 
drained by the Tennessee and Blood 
rivers, and the east and west forks of 
Clark's River and their several tributaries, 
the Tennessee and Blood rivers draining 
the eastern section of the county and the 
east and west forks of Clark's River drain- 
ing the more central and western portions 



of the county. In the western portion of 
this county the land is level, while in the 
eastern section it is broken and hilly. 
Nevertheless all the land of the county, 
as a general rule, is fertile and productive. 
It is especially good along the river and 
creek bottoms, where most magnificent 
farms are located. The labor on the farms 
is performed by native white and colored 
hands, whose services can be procured for 
from ten to fifteen dollars per month and 
board. The staple products of the Cal- 
loway County farms are corn, wheat, oats, 
hay, and tobacco. 



STATE (JF KENTUCKY 



39 



Much jjood timber of oak, walnut, pop- 
lar, beech, and ash can be found in the 
county at reasonable prices per acre. 
There are no turnpikes in the county, the 
public roads being the ordinary county or 
dirt roads, and are under the supervision 
of road overseers appointed by the county 
court, and are kept in fair condition. 

The Paducah, Tennessee & Alabama 
Railroad runs through the central part of 
the county from north to south. 

School facilities are furnished by the 



common school system of the State, and 
in most of the districts are good and com- 
fortable school houses ; the schools are 
well attended and are in a flourishing 
condition. 

Murray, the county seat of Calloway 
County, is situated near the center of the 
county on the Paducah, Tennessee & .■Ma- 
bama Railroad; is a nice little town, with 
a population, according to the last United 
States census, of 1,822. It has churches 
and schools. 



CAMPBELL COUNTY 



PopuL.^TioN (Census 1900), 54,223. County Seats, Newport and .■\lexandi;ia. 



Situated in the Sixth Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Seventh Judicial, Twenty- 
fifth Senatorial, and Eighty-third Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Campbell County was organized in 1798, 
and was the nineteenth county formed in 
the State. When formed it included Ken- 
ton County, and is bounded on the north 
and east by the Ohio River, on the west 
by Licking River, and on the south by 
Pendleton County. It has two railroads 
running through it, the C. & O. R. R. and 
L. & N. R. R., together, about thirty 
miles. Fort Thomas is located in the 
north end, about three miles south of 
Newport, with an electric car line from 
Fountain Square in Cincinnati to Fort 
Thomas, and a second line running to 
Evergreen Cemetery, a distance of three 
miles, with a fair prospect of being built 
to Alexandria, the county seat. It also 
has located in the county the Government 
rifle range on the bank of Licking River, 
where every regiment in the United States 
army comes to practice target shooting. 
The county is about twenty-five miles from 
north to south, and about seven miles 
wide from east to west, and, because of 
its being located between the Ohio and 
Licking rivers, it is said to be the best 
fruit county in the State, equal to the 



famous fruit belt of Michigan; all kinds of 
fruit that are suited to this climate are 
raised in this country to perfection and in 
abundance, some farmers having fifty to 
one hundred acres in small fruit. It was 
conceded at the Ohio State Horticultural 
Society that the apples and peaches that 
came from Campbell County had the finest 
flavor and the highest and brightest color 
of any that were on exhibition. 

Campbell County has two county seats, 
Newport and .Alexandria, sixty miles of 
turnpike, and four hundred and forty miles 
of county roads. 

The common schools are as good as any 
in the Union. As a rule the people take 
a great interest in the schools and school 
buildings, and fully ninety per cent of the 
children at school age can read and write. 

There are some foreigners in the county, 
mostly Germans, and as a rule they are 
good, law-abiding people and good agri- 
culturists and horticulturists. Our farmers 
use the best of farm implements and seeds. 
All kinds of grasses gvow here ; Kentuckj' 
bluegrass is indigenous to this county. 
In the southern part of the county there is 
regular farming and stock raising, horses, 
cattle, sheep, and hogs, and all kinds of 
grain and tobacco, but in the northern part 
it is all tilled as a garden and fruit farm. 



40 



COMMERCIAL G K O \V T H 



Campbell County is the thiid in the 
State in point of vvealtli and population. 
Newport has several iron plants, one large 
rolling mill and bolt works, one shoe fac- 
tory, one pipe factory, one watch-case 
factory, and has a population of about 
40,00c ; has two iron bridges spanning 
the Ohio River and two iron bridges span- 



ning the Licking River, and two suburban 
towns of about 7,000 each, and the county 
is as healthy as any place in the land. 
The face of the county is undulating, so 
no stagnant water is left. The Ohio River 
is navigable the year round. The Licking 
River is navigable as far as Falmouth 
about six months of the year. 



CARLISLE COUNTY 

PopuL.^TioN (Census 1900), 10,195. County Seat, Bardwell. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
First Appellate, First Judicial, Second Sen- 
atorial, and Second Legislative Districts. 

Carlisle County was formed May 4, 
1886. The surface is slightly rolling and 
the soil very productive. Mayfield Creek, 
along the northern boundary, is the largest 
stream in the State called a "creek." 
Obion Creek, almost as large, runs along 
the south line. These streams, with their 
numerous tributaries, furnish an abundant 
supply of water for power and domestic 
use. Excellent water for family use can 
be had from twenty to sixty feet under 
ground. There are some very fine tracts 
of oak and Cottonwood timber in the 
county. The oak is being used extensively 
for railroad ties. 

By a system of taxation of twenty-five 
cents on tfie one hundred dollars the roads 
of the county are worked and are in 



splendid condition. No tolls, no toll-gate 
raiders. 

The Illinois Central Railroad and Mobile 
& Ohio Railroad both cross the county. 
Many farmers are giving a great amount 
of attention to truck farming. The soil in 
the county produces some of the finest 
vegetables and berries in the State. 

The farm labor is native white, and is 
paid Si 2 to S15 per month, with board. 

Bardwell, the county seat, is an enter- 
prising town of 1,600; located on the 
Uhnois Central Railroad, has three white 
and two colored churches, public graded 
school building costing §7,000, where five 
teachers are employed ten months in the 
year. There are also two banks, capital 
stock 536,000. Hotel, opera-house, two 
flouring mills, saw and planing mills, box 
factory, electric lights, steam laundry; in 
fact a first-class, enterprising town. 



CARROLL COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 9,825. County Seat, Carrollton. 



Situated in the Sixth Congressional, 
Fifth .\ppellate. Fifteenth judicial, Twenty - 
first Senatorial, and Fifty-third Legislative 
Districts. 

Carroll County is located on the extreme 
northern border of the State, midway be- 
tween Louisville and Cincinnati. It w'as 
organized in 1838, and was formed out of 



portions of Gallatin and Trimble counties, 
and named in honor of Charles Carroll, of 
Carrollton, Maryland, 

The Ohio River extends along its entire 
northern boundary. 

The principal streams which drain the 
county are the Kentucky River, the Little 
Kentucky River, White's Run, Eagle Creek, 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



41 



and Locust Creek. The bottom land of 
the Ohio River is very wide aud remark- 
ably fertile. The same is true of the 
broad valley of the Kentucky River and 
the bottom lands of the various streams 
traversing the county. Corn and tobacco, 
especially, are well adapted to these low 
lands and are grown in great abundance. 
The uplands, which is excellent limestone 
land, produces all the cereals, also hay 
and tobacco, and affords fine pasturage 
as well. The principal products of the 
■county are the finest quality of Burley 
tobacco, wheat, corn, and hay, all of 
which are produced in abundance w-ithout 
the aid of commercial fertilizers. 

Facilities for travel and transportation 
by land are furnished by the Louisville & 
Nashville Railroad, which runs through 
the entire length of the southeastern part 
•of the county, and the Ohio and Kentucky 
rivers furnish abundant cheap and con- 
venient transportation by water. 

The county has one farmers' club, the 
Carroll County Agricultural and Improve- 
ment Society, which is doing much toward 
the promotion of agriculture. 

Farm labor is supplied by both white 
and black laborers, who are employed at 



prices ranging from S12 to ^15 per month 
and board, or from §16 to $20 per month 
without board. 

The county has excellent roads, of 
which about one hundred and twenty-five 
miles are macadam and are free from toll. 
The free turnpike system so far has given 
entire satisfaction. 

The public schools of the county are up 
to the standard of any in the State. 

Carrollton, the county seat, is situated 
at the junction of the Ohio and Kentucky 
rivers and is a growing business town 
with about 2,800 population. The princi- 
pal industries are the Barker Tobacco 
Company, the Carrollton Furniture Com- 
pany, the Carrollton Pressed Brick Com- 
pany, the Old Darling Distillery Company, 
the Jett Bros. Distilling Company, the 
Cameron Flouring Mill Company, the 
Adkinson Bros. Saw & Planing Mill 
Company, and Hill's Tobacco Factory. 

The town has excellent schools and 
churches, water-works, electric lights, 
a telephone exchange, custom-house, 
opera-house, a fine iron bridge across 
the Kentucky River, and a number of 
good stores and business houses of various 
kinds. 



CARTER COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 20,228. County Seat, Gray'on. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Thirty- 
fifth Senatorial, and One Hundredth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

Carter County was formed in the year 
1 8 38 from parts of Greenup and Law- 
rence counties, and was named for Colonel 
Wm. G. Carter. It was the eighty-third 
county formed in the State. It is located in 
the extreme northeastern part of the State. 

The surface of the county is divided 
into hills and valleys. 

The county is well watered and drouths 
are almost unknown. The principal water- 



courses are the Little Big Saniy River and 
Tygorts Creek. The soil is generally very 
fertile and well adapted to the growth of 
corn, oats, wheat, rye, barley, millet, sugar- 
cane, tobacco, and all kinds of vegetables 
usually grown in the temperate zone. 

The timber consists of poplar, oak, and 
pine. 

Beneath the soil is found in many locali- 
ties iron ore, limestone, fire clay, cannel 
coal, and bituminous coal. No iron ore 
is now being taken out, but a number of 
excellent fire-clay mines are in operation 
and are being worked profitably. 



42 



COMMERCIAL G K O W.T H 



There are several large coal mines in 
operation, and the Kentucky Cannel Coal 
Company, whose mines are located on 
Stinson Creek, are mining a very superior 
grade of coal, all of which is exported, 
Spain being the principal customer. The 
greatest natural curiosity is the Carter 
caves in the west end of the county, which 
are grand structures and have been ex- 
plored for a distance of ten miles or more. 

The farming lands are being more ex- 
tensively developed, better care is being 
taken of them and the grade of stock is 
being improved. Tobacco is the staple 
crop. At Olive Hill an extensive fire-brick 
plant is in operation, and a stone-crushing 
plant, employing a large quantit)' of lime- 
stone daily. The Chesapeake & Ohio 
Railway passes through tlie count}- from 
east to west, and the Eastern Kentucky 
from north to south. Transportation 
facilities are amply sufficient for all the 
demands of the people. The public roads 



are not macadamized, but are kept in fair 
condition and are easily traveled except in 
prolonged seasons of rain in winter. 
They are maintained under the provisions 
of the general law. The principal labor 
is farm work, and average wages for that 
class of work is about fifteen dollars per 
month and board. The skilled labor about 
the mines and manufacturing plants is 
much higher. The common school system 
is flourishing and improving all the time 
as to methods and teachers. There are 
excellent graded free schools at Denton, 
Grayson, Olive Hill, and Willard. The 
sentiment among the people is for better 
educational facilities. Timothv. clover, 
bluegrass, and orchard grass flourish. 
Grayson, the county seat, contains about 
eight hundred inhabitants, four churches, 
a fine graded school emploving three 
teachers and in session nine months in the 
year, good public buildings, and a number 
of good stoies. 



CASEY COUNTY 
PopvLATiON (Census 1900), 15.144. Col-ntv Seat. Liberty. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional. 
Third Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial. 
Eighteenth Senatorial, and Forty-third 
Legislative Districts. 

Casey County was organized in 1806 
out of a part of Lincoln County, and has 444 
square miles of territory. The surface of 
the county is hilly. The soil is thin and 
broken, except portions of the bottom 
lands, which are very productive. This is 
especially true of the valley of the Roll- 
ing Fork of Salt River, that portion 
within the borders of Casey County con- 
taining as fine lands as there is in the State. 
Corn, wheat, and potatoes are the chief 
agricultural products, of which a surplus 



is raised. The county is well supplied 
with turnpikes, kept in excellent condition, 
and on all of which toll is collected. The 
dirt roads are good and are kept in repair 
bj' the general road law of the State. 

The timber of Casey County is unsur- 
passed by any in the State, though great 
inroads have been made on it of late 
years. The schools are in good condi- 
tion, with commodious houses and an 
excellent corps of teachers. There is a 
school in Middleburg, in the eastern end 
of the county, in which all the higher 
branches are taught. Liberty is the 
county seat, is on Green River, and has 
about 1,000 inhabitants. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



43 



CHRISTIAN COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 37,962. County Seat, Hopkinsville. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
First Appellate, Third Judicial, Sixth 
Senatorial, and Tenth Legislative Districts. 

Christian County was named in honor of 
Colonel William Christian, a noted soldier 
and Indian fighter, and was formed in 1796 
out of a part of Logan County. It is 
situated in the southwestern part of the 
State, and is a border county to the State 
of Tennessee. Is one of the largest and 
most productive counties in the State, 
producing more wheat and tobacco than 
any other county in the State. Has pro- 
duced the enormous amount of 17, 000,- 
000 pounds of tobacco in one year. 

The northern half of the county is 
broken, and in some parts quite hilly. 
The soil, while not so rich as the south- 
ern half, responds kindly to modern 
methods of good cultivation, and excel- 
lent corn, tobacco, and other farm crops 
are grown. It is far better adapted to 
the use of commercial fertilizers than 
the southern part of the county, and with 
their use makes the finest quality of 
tobacco. It is also much better adapted 
to the growth of fruits. The southern 
half of the county is level or slightly un- 
dulating, has a rich clay soil, well adapted 
to the growth of wheat, corn, tobacco and 
all other products which will grow in this 
latitude. The northern half of the county 
was heavily timbered, of which there 
still remains an ample supply for all 
purposes, and of the best quality, the hard 
woods mostly abounding. There is also 
an ample supply of building stone, bitu- 
minous coal, and iron ore. 

In some parts of the county there are a 
few Indian mounds, in which are found a 
great many very rare and interesting relics. 

The principal water-courses are Little 
River, Pond River, Red River, West and 
Little West Forks of Red River, Trade- 
water, Sinking Fork of Little River, and a 



few other minor streams. Excellent water 
power for mills or other manufacturing 
purposes is furnished by Little River, 
West Fork, Pond River, and Tradewater ; 
none, however, are navigable for steam- 
boats. 

The county has seventy-two miles of 
railroad, operated by the Louisville & 
Nashville and Illinois Central companies. 
All turnpikes are owned and operated by 
the county free of toll. 

Farm labor, principally colored, is 
plentiful and averages in price from 
Si I to Si 5 per month, with board. 

Educational facilities are good. Com- 
mon schools for white and colored pupils 
are taught in every school district in the 
county. There are several high schools 
and colleges, prominent among them being 
Major Ferrill's High School, South Ken- 
tucky College, and Bethel Female College, 
all located at Hopkinsville. 

Hopkinsville, the county seat, is a 
handsome, well-built city of over 8,000 
inhabitants, with the best-built streets 
and sidewalks of any city of its size in 
the State, with all modern improvements, 
such as electric lights, water-works, four 
banks with a capital of nearly S500.000, 
twelve large tobacco warehouses, an ex- 
cellent graded school system, supplement- 
ed with the high school and two colleges 
already mentioned. The Western Insane 
Asylum is located near Hopkinsville. 
There are a number of other more or less 
important towns, of which Pembroke, with 
about 1,000 inhabitants, two good banks 
and other commercial and industrial 
institutions, is most prominent. Fairview, 
the birthplace of the Hon. Jefferson 
Davis, President of the Confederate States. 
LaFayette, Gracey, Julian, Newstead, 
Howel. Garretsburg, Bell, Oak Grove, 
Kennedy, Bellview, Crofton, and Kelly, 
are all thriving and prosperous towns. 



44 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



CLARK COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 16,694. County Seat, Winchester. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, 
Twenty-eighth Senatorial and Seventy- 
fourth Legislative Districts. 

Clark County was organized by act of 
the legislature in December, 1792, out of 
parts of Fayette and Bourbon, and was 
the fourteenth in order of formation. It 
originally comprised most of the territory 
between the Kentucky River and the 
Middle Fork of the same, and Cumberland 
Gap on the east and south, Licking River 
and Pound Gap on the northeast, and 
extending from Boone's Creek to the 
Virginia line. Four years later much of 
its territory was taken off by the formation 
of Montgomery County. In i8o5 it 
yielded part of its territory to the new 
county of Estill, and in 1852 it contrib- 
uted to the formation of Powell. 

The county stands on the dividing ridge 
between the waters of Kentucky and Lick- 
ing rivers. The southern and eastern 
portions are drained by Lulbegrud, Upper 
and Lower Howards, Two Mile, Four 
Mile creeks, and Red River, all tributaries 
of Kentucky. The northern part is drain- 
ed by Stoner, Strode's, and Hancock 
creeks, which flow into the Licking. The 
Kentucky River borders the southern line 
of the county for about twent^'-five miles, 
and the new lock at Valley View will bring 
slack-water navigation to the border of 
the county. 

The soil varies much in quality. A 
large portion of it is composed of the best 
of the famous bluegrass lands of the 
State, and is worth as much as similar 
land anywhere. For many years the Bur- 
ley tobacco of this section of the county 
has broken the record price of the year in 
the Louisville and Cincinnati markets. 
Other portions of the county are hilly and 
broken, but produce well. In the extreme 
eastern portion of the county land is 



quite thin. Fine building stone and stone 
for lime exists in various portions of the 
county, and evidence of oil and gas are 
strong in the eastern part of the county. 

Very little timber is left in the county, 
although some walnut lumber is still 
shipped from here, most of it going to 
Europe. 

The crops are those usually found in 
the bluegrass region: corn, wheat, rye, 
oats, hay, Hurley tobacco, hemp, and 
bluegrass seed are grown, while of late 
years considerable quantities of small 
fruits, principally strawberries, are raised. 
More attention is also being given to fruit- 
growing. Owing to the natural fertility 
of the soil, not much attention has been 
given to the use of fertilizers in the past, 
but their use is increasing rapidly. The 
latest and most improved farming imple- 
ments are generally used. 

Clark County has always stood high in 
stock-raising ranks, being especially noted 
for her short-horn cattle. More cattle are 
sold from this county than from any other 
in the State in proportion to its size. Of 
late years considerable attention has been 
given to the breeding of Jerseys and other 
breeds of dairy cattle. Horses, mules, 
sheep, and hogs receive close attention, 
and of late years Winchester has been the 
seat of a thriving trade in eggs and 
dressed poultry, including thousands of 
turkeys, which bring highest prices in 
the markets of Boston and other Eastern 
points. 

The 255 square miles in the county are 
traversed by 175 miles of turnpikes and 
200 miles of dirt roads, all of which are 
free and are kept up by taxation. 

Three independent and competing lines 
of railroad run through the county, giving 
Clark County more miles of railroad in 
proportion to area than any county in the 
State except Jefferson. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



45 



Clark County's taxable wealth is about 
Jio,ooQ,ooo, and the credit of the county 
is of the highest class. Her bonded 
debt is not burdensome and is being 
steadily reduced. Clark is one of the 
four richest counties in the State, outside 
of the five which contain large cities. 

With the exception of a few planing 
mills and other manufactories, the labor 
of the county is mostly unskilled. Farm 
laborers receive from $io to 815 per 
month with board, but much of the land 
is tilled " on shares." 

The public schools of Clark county are 
above the average and most of the dis- 



tricts have good schoolhouses, w Inch are 
well equipped. 

Winchester, the county seat, has a popu- 
lation of about 7,000, with a fine sys- 
tem of water works, electric light, a 
splendid fire department, two telephone 
systems with lines running to other cities 
and to many parts of the country. Sev- 
enteen churches, a fine system of public 
schools, two colleges, fine public build- 
ings, and enterprising and successful busi- 
ness houses of many kinds. The city is 
very healthful, being one of the highest 
county seats in the State. The assessed 
valuation of the city is over §2.000,000. 



CLAY COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 15,364. County Seat, Manchester. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, 
Thirty-third Senatorial, and Seventy-first 
Legislative Districts. 

Clay County was formed in the year 
i8o5. Situated in the southeastern por- 
tion of the State, bounded by the counties 
of Laurel, Knox, and Bell on the south ; 
Leslie and Perry on the east; Owsley and 
Jackson on the north, and Laurel on the 
west. The county has over 200 miles of 
navigable water within its boundary, in 
the streams of Red Bird, Big Goose Creek, 
and Little Goose Creek. The two former 
unite in the county and form the south 
fork of the Kentucky River, at what is 
known as the Buckskin Salt Works. 

The soil of the river bottoms, which are 
wide and extend the length of the rivers, 
is as productive as any soil in the State. 
The hills are productive of grass and fine 
crops of corn, oats, and wheat. The hills 
also contain a supply of coal, both soft 
and cannel, unexcelled in any other por- 
tion of Kentucky. So plentiful is the 
coal that it is dug and delivered at the 
county seat for four cents per bushel. The 
supply is inexhaustible. 



The portion of the county lying on the 
Big Goose Creek contains fine salt water, 
and ever since the formation of the county 
the salt works have been operated by the 
Whites, Garrards, Combs, and Bates. 
All, however, except the works owned by 
General T. T. Garrard, have suspended. 
His works supply this and many of 
the surrounding counties with salt made 
from his works, two miles from the county 
seat. 

No county in the State has such an 
inexhaustible supply of "natural gas" as 
has this county. On Sexton's Creek there 
are two wells, or natural gas springs, 
where the gas comes through the pores of 
the ground in quantities that will support 
great fires for whole seasons. 

The scenery along the water courses is 
picturesque, and in grandeur has nothing 
in the State that can excel it. 

The average price of land in the county 
is about Sio an acre. 

The county seat, Manchester, is located 
in the central portion of the county on 
Goose Creek, and has about 800 popula- 
tion, made up of the very best citizenship 
of Eastern Kentucky. 



46 



C Cl M M E K C I A L G K O W T H 



CLINTON C O f N T Y 



Population (Census 1900). 7.S71. County Seat. Ai.hany. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional , 
Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial. 
Sixteenth Senatorial, and Thirty - sixth 
Legislative Districts. 

Clinton County was created by an act 
of the legislature approved February 20, 
1836, and the territory within its limits 
was taken from Wayne and Cumberland 
counties. 

Spurs of the Cumberland Mountains 
enter the county on the east and extend 
to near its center. They contain veins 
of excellent bituminous coal about three 
feet thick. 

Between these spurs are fertile valleys 
wliich, under a proper state of cultivation, 
yield crops of corn, wheat, oats, clover, 
orchard grass, timothy, fruits, etc. 

The western portion of the county is 
undulating, and is not so fertile as the 
valleys in the eastern part of the county, 
except on the rivers and creeks, but yield 
remunerative crops by the use of ferti- 
lizers. Potatoes and garden vegetables 
grow abundantly in all parts of the county. 
as the soil is generally well prepared by 
deep plowing, pulverizing the soil, and 
using stable manure. 

The climate and soil are adapted to 
the growth of fruit trees, which yield abun- 
dantly of well-matured and healthy fruit. 
The peach crop never fails on the hills, 
but does not do so well in the lowlands. 
There is an abundance of fine timber in the 
county, such as poplar, white oak, black 
oak, hickory, sugar tree, cedar, dogwood, 
chestnut, maple, elm, beech, etc. There 
is an abundance of blue, gray, and white 
limestone and other rocks suitable for 
building pur{>oses. 

The county is well watered : in addition 
to the rivers and creeks there are many 
bold springs of pure water in all parts of 
the county. 



Salt has been manufactured on Willis's 
Creek, in the northwestern part of the 
county, and it is believed that the countv 
is in the oil belt. 

There is an abundance of marl, which, 
if utilized, would enrich the whole county. 
The climate is healthy, and the summers, 
instead of being oppressive, are delightful 
in the timbered valleys. 

There are chalybeate springs on a high 
plateau northeast of Albany, the county 
seat, where a view of the surrounding 
country for many miles can be had, which 
gives great pleasure, as the scenery is so 
varied. 

The Cumberland River on the north is 
navigable a part of the year from Nash- 
ville. Tenn.. to Burnside, Ky., a station 
on the Cincinnati Southern Railwaj-. 

There are no railroads in the county; 
the nearest station is at Burnside, which 
is forty miles from the county seat. 

Albany, the county seat, on the south 
side of the center of the county, has a 
new and commodious court house, is 
abundantly supplied with water by springs 
from thirty to sixty feet deep, has six gen- 
eral stores, two drug stores, one grocery, 
one saddlery, two blacksmith shops, two 
hotels, two water mills, one steam roller 
mill, saw mill, planing mill and carding 
factory, one high school, one bank, three 
churches, and no saloons. 

The public schools of the county are in 
fair condition, but the State aid is not 
supplemented by local taxation. 

Some of the most prominent men of 
the State and nation were natives of 
Clinton County. 

During the civil war over one half of 
the male population enlisted in the Union 
army, and many of the others served in 
the Confederate army. On both sides 
they distinguished themselves for courage 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



47 



and devotion to the banner under which 
they enhsted. 

The price of farm labor will average 
about Si2 per mouth. 

There are no foreign colonies here, but 
the people of this county are hospitable, 



and emigrants would be heartily received 
and furnished homes at cheap rates for 
lands. 

The resources of the county are abun- 
dant, varied, and valuable, but except to 
a very limited extent remain undeveloped. 



CRITTENDEN COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 15,191. County Seat, Marion. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
First Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Fourth 
Senatorial and Seventh Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Crittenden County was formed out of 
part of Livingston County in 1842, and 
made the number of counties then in the 
State ninety-one. 

It is situated in the southwestern part 
of the State, on the Ohio River. The 
Ohio River forms its northern boundary, 
while on the east it is bounded by the 
counties of Union and Webster, on the 
south by Caldwell and Lyon, Livingston 
forming its western boundary. The land 
is high and rolling, w-ell watered and 
drained by the Ohio on its northern 
boundary and the Tradewater on the 
northeast, and the Cumberland for a con- 
siderable distance on its southern border, 
besides numerous streams flowing through 
the county, principal among which are 
Caney Fork and Crooked Creek, emptying 
into the Ohio on the north, and Pine 
Creek, Long Branch and others which 
flow into Tradewater on the northeast. 

The soil of Crittenden County is good, 
but that attention to fertilizing which the 
subject demands has not been paid to it 
by our farmers, nor has the proper atten- 
tion to the rotation of crops been had; 
nevertheless, a large surplus of farm 
products are shipped out of the county to 
other markets each year. Corn, wheat, 
oats, rye, tobacco, and hay are the prin- 
cipal staples of the Crittenden Count)' 



farm, timothy being the most profitable of 
all grasses grown in the county. The 
high and rolling lands of the county make 
it a most excellent locality for fruit culture, 
and all fruits grown in Kentucky are 
grown in this county most abundantly. 
The timber supply of Crittenden is good 
and abundant; hickory and oak most 
abound, and great forests tracts of this 
valuable timber can be had at reason- 
able prices. The Ohio Valley Railroad runs 
through the county, the county seat being 
situated on the same; and this railroad 
and the water courses spoken of afford 
good local facilities for transportation, 
either by land or water. There are no 
turnpike roads in the county, the public 
roads being the common dirt roads of the 
county, which are maintained and kept 
in repair by the road overseers, appointed 
by the county court under the road laws 
of the State. 

Diversified farming is only engaged in 
for domestic uses, saving fruit-growing, 
there being more fruit grown in the 
county than is sufficient for home 
consumption. 

The educational facilities of the county 
are mostly confined to the common 
schools, which are in good condition, well 
attended, and under good management. 

Marion, the county seat, is situated a 
little southeast of the center of the coun- 
ty, on the Ohio Valley Railroad. It is a 
flourishing town with a population of nearly 
1,000. 



48 



COMMERCIAL G R C) \V T H 



CUMBERLAND CO U N T Y 



Population (Census 1900) 8,962. County Seat, Burksville. 



Situated iu the Eleventh Cougressioual, 
Second Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, 
Sixteenth Senatorial, aud Thirty-seventh 
Legislative Districts. 

This county was formed in 1798 from a 
part of Green, and named for the Cum- 
berland River, which flows diagonally 
through the county from northeast to 
southwest. 

A small portion of this county lies on 
the subcarboniferous Lithostrotion lime- 
stone, but the greater part of the county 
is based upon the Waverly series, which 
are cut through by the rivers and creeks 
so as to expose the Devonian shales and 
the Upper Silurian in thin stratifications, 
and the Lower Silurian blue limestones in 
the beds of the rivers. There is no coal 
in the county, but oil in paying quantities 
has been found by wells sunk in the river 
aud creek bottoms. The first noted 
"American oil" well ever bored in the 
United States is situated three miles from 
Burksville, on the banks of the Cumber- 
land River. The oil was struck while 
boring for salt water, iu 1830, at a depth 
of 175 feet. 

Salt water abounds in this section, and 
some iron ores, but not in such quantities 
as in several of the neighboring counties 
lying to the north and east. The general 
surface of the county is broken and hilly, 
and abounds in knobby formations of 
thin soil, but the bottoms are of great 
fertility. 

Cumberland River, which is navigable 
by steamboats the greater part of the 
year, with its tributaries, drains the entire 
county. The United States government 
has begun a series of locks and dams on 
the river, which will soon be completed up 
to this point, and which will open up and 
give an impetus to many new industries. 
Its principal tributaries are Marrowbone, 
Crocus, Big Renox, Little Renox, Willis, 



Bear, and Goose creeks. The county 
abounds in sulphur and chalybeate water. 
The most noted of these springs are on 
Renox and Sulphur creeks, and possess 
remarkable health-giving properties. 

The greatest wealth of the county lies 
in its timber. It abounds in the best 
qualities of oak, poplar, and chestnut, 
besides walnut, cherry, ash, maple, 
hickory, and many others. The hard 
woods of the county are very valuable. 

Many of the farmers have planted 
thousands of young walnut trees on their 
idle land, and at no distant date the trees 
will be worth far more than the land. 

Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and tobacco are 
the staple crops, and the principal gracing 
and hay grasses are clover, redtop, timo- 
thy, orchard grass, bluegrass, and millet, 
all of which grow luxuriantly. 

Stock peas for hay, and sorghum in 
large quantities for fattening cattle, are 
also grown. 

The land is well adapted to the growth 
of dark tobacco, and when there was a 
demand for it this county produced more 
than any other county in the United 
States. The soil and climate are also 
adapted to small fruits, but their cultiva- 
tion is limited. 

The farmers pay a good deal of atten- 
tion to the raising of thoroughbred stock. 
No prettier horses are to be found in the 
State. The fattening of cattle for market 
is a profitable industry; the abundant 
mast all over the county affords excellent 
facilities for fattening hogs, large numbers 
of which are shipped to Louisville, Cincin- 
nati, and other points. Poultry and eggs 
are shipped in immense quantities, and 
bring more money into the county than 
any two of the other products com- 
bined. 

Many people, during the summer 
months, are engaged in pearl hunting, and 



STATE OF K i; N T U C K \ 



49 



many pearls of great size and brilliancy 
have been found. 

Burksville, the county seat, is situated 
on the north side of the Cumberland 
River, and is the largest shipping point 
above Nashville, Tenn. It has a good 
court house, several churches, an excellent 
public school building, a dozen stores and 
groceries, one bank, a large roller mill, 
and many handsome private residences. 
It is the seat of Alexander College, 



founded in 1872. which has a beautiful 
building and an endowment of several 
thousand dollars. 

Marrowbone is a flourishing town, with 
three churches, large roller mill, and 
several stores. Bakertown, Peytonsburg, 
Leslie, Cloyd's Landing, Amandaville. and 
Waterview are wide-awake villages. 

There are many beautiful churches and 
public schools located throughout the 
countv. 



DA \- I ESS COUNTY 



Population (Censls 1900), ^8,667. County Seat, Owmnsboro. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Eighth 
Senatorial and Fifteenth and Sixteenth 
Legislative Districts. 

In the year of 18 15 a part of Ohio 
County was cut off and made into a new 
county, which was called Daviess, in honor 
of that brilliant lawyer and orator and gal- 
lant soldier, who gave up his life for his 
country on the bloody field of Tippeca- 
noe, Colonel Joseph Hamilton Daviess. 

The county contains about 400 square 
miles. It is situated in the far-famed 
"Pennerile'' section of the State. The 
county has about forty miles of frontage 
on the Ohio River and twenty-five miles 
of western boundary on Green River. 
The county is well watered and drained by 
Yellow, Pup, Blackford, Panther, Dela- 
ware and Rhodes creeks. 

The county is about one half level, 
one fourth rolling, and one fourth hill 
land. Most of the land in the county is a 
rich, sandy alluvial, very deep and pro- 
ductive; land that it is impossible to wear 
out. About one fifth of the land in the 
county is creek bottom, of which there 
is no richer land in the world. The soils 
of the county are well adapted to the 
growth of fruits and vegetables of all 
kinds, corn, wheat, tobacco, timothy, 
clover, and other cereals of this latitude. 



In the last five years a great deal of 
attention has been paid to the cultivation 
of strawberries and raspberries. Many 
farmers have turned their attention to 
raising tomatoes, sweet corn, beans, and 
peas for the canning factory, w'ith very 
profitable results. They get more money 
out of these crops than any other, 
and are able to get their money 
immediately. Daviess County is famous 
as a producer of corn, wheat, and tobacco. 
The soil is well suited to the finer grades 
of Burley, but it is for the heavier grades of 
dark tobacco that the county is best known. 

This is undoubtedly the best county in 
the State for the tobacco raiser, for he 
is always sure of getting the highest 
market price for his tobacco. 

The lands are worked both by tenants 
and hired labor, for the most part white: 
wages on farm §12 to S15 per month and 
board, or S16 to S20 per month when 
party boards himself. There is a great 
deal of coal in the county, worked in 
small, independent banks. 

The county is in the Western Kentucky 
coal and Illinois coal fields. Mines are 
scattered all over the county, furnishing 
fuel to every one at an average of Si. 2 5 
per ton. For manufacturing purposes 
fuel can be had in Owensboro for fifty 
cents per ton. 



5° 



C () M M 1-: K C 1 A L C. R O W T H 



There are three hnes ot railroad in the 
county, the L., H. & St. L. R. R., the 
IlUnois Central R. R., and the L. & N. 
R. R. These railroads, in connection 
with the Ohio River and Green River, 
guarantee the cheapest of shipping rates 
to and from this county. 

.An electric railroad is now under con- 
struction between Owensboro and Cal- 
houn, and will greatly benefit the county, 
through which it will run. 

Owensboro, the county seat, with a 
population of 16,500, is one of the most 
progressive towns in the State; it is situ- 
ated on the Ohio River, has gas, electric 
lights, electric street cars, eighteen 
churches, two daily newspapers, eight 
hanks, and two trust companies: two tele- 
phone companies: two telegraph com- 
panies; three express companies; city 
graded schools: an excellent high school: 
Owensboro Female College; St. Francis 
Academy: Young Men's Christian Associ- 
ation building, costing $25,000: four 
large flouring mills and elevators, the 
Owensboro Wagon Co., makers of the 
celebrated •'Owensboro" wagon: the 
Owensboro Wheel Factory: three buggy 



factories; two furniture factories; chair 
factory: two foundries, and machine 
works; five planing mills; two large saw 
mills; two cooperage, and several stave 
yards. The Cellulose Company, located 
in Owensboro, has the largest plant of 
its kind in the world. From the pith 
of corn-stalks they manufacture cellulose 
for packing behind the armor of war- 
ships: they also intend making smokeless 
powder and many other articles out of 
the same material. The company buys 
corn-stalks from the farmers of the coun- 
ty, paying enough for them to net the 
farmers a handsome profit for this 
article, which used to he awaste. 

Many distilleries are scattered over the 
county, and besides having made "Daviess 
County whisky" famous, they furnish a 
live market for all surplus corn. 

The assessed valuation of property in the 
county is £11,788,3(3. Total tax levy for 
all county purposes, including roads and 
bridges, twenty-five cents on the Si 00. 
County out of debt, with a considerable 
surplus. Population according to the last 
official census (1900), 33,667, which is 
constantly being increased bv immigration. 



EDMONSON CO U N T Y 



PoPL'L.\TiON (Census 1900), 10,080. County Seat, I^rownsville. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Second Appellate. Eighth Judicial, 
Eleventh Senatorial, and Twenty-fifth 
Legislative Districts. 

Edmonson County, the seventy-ninth in 
the order of formation, was formed in the 
year 1825 out of parts of Warren, Hart, 
and Grayson counties, and was named in 
honor of Captain John Edmonson, who 
was killed in the battle of River Raisin, 
on January 22, 18 13. 

It lies on both sides of Green River. 

The surface of the county is generally 
uneven, part of it hilly and broken, and 
most of it gently undulating. The river 



and creek bottoms and valleys afford some 
rich and productive soil, but the ridges 
and tableland are usually thin and much 
less productive. 

Its principal streams are Green and 
Nolin rivers. Bear and Beaver Dam 
creeks, besides numerous smaller streams, 
which afford some fine locations for grist 
and saw mills and factories. 

The county abounds with excellent tim- 
ber, principally poplar, oak of all kinds, 
hickory, ash, walnut, sj-camore, gum, and 
beech, which is marketed principally in 
the shape of saw-logs and cross-ties, 
which are cut and rafted down the \arious 



STATE OF K E N T U C K \' 



51 



streams to Evaiisville and Henderson 
markets. 

The county is also underlaid with exten- 
sive beds of coal and iron, which are as 
yet undeveloped. 

The navigation of Green River is being 
improved by locks, and mines of coal, 
asphalt, etc. . are being opened up. Labor 
on farm is mostly white, and wages 50 
cents with, and 75 cents per day without 
board; or ?I2 per month with, or Si 8 
without board. Roads are worked by 
calling out hands ; road tax is talked of. 

Brownsville, the county seat of Edmon- 
son County, was established in the year 
1S28, and was named in honor of General 
Jacob Brown. It is located on the banks 
of Green River, at the head of navigation, 
and is a thriving little town of about 250 
inhabitants. It has an excellent court 
house and a good jail building; contains 
three dry goods and a grocery store, three 
hotels, two churches, one bank, one male 
and female academy. Brownsville lies in 
latitude 37° and 14', and longitude g° 
and 15'. 

Edmonson County surpasses any other 
county in the State in its natural curiosi- 
ties and strange formations. Indian Hill 
lies one mile from Brownsville, is circular 
at its base, and one mile in circumference: 
its altitude is eighty-four feet, and except 
on one side, which is easy of access on 
foot, perpendicular. The remains of a for- 



tification are seen around the brow, and a 
number of mounds and burial places are 
scattered over this area. A fine spring of 
water issues from the rock near the surface. 

Dismal Rock is a perpendicular rock on 
Dismal Creek, 163 feet high. 

The Mammoth Cave is about one half 
mile from Green River, twelve miles from 
Brownsville, and about seventy-five miles 
from Louisville, Ky. The cave abounds 
in minerals, such as nitrous earth, sand 
flint, pebbles, red and gray ochre, cal- 
careous spar, chalcedony, crystallized 
carbonate of lime, crystals of quartz, sul- 
phate of lime, Epsom and Glauber salts. 
The cave extends some ten or twelve 
miles, and to visit the portions already 
traversed it is said requires 150 to 200 
miles' travel. It contains a succession of 
wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, 
abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, cataracts, 
and other marvels which are too well 
known to need more than a reference. 

There are several other interesting 
caves in the neighborhood, the principal 
of which are the Colossal Cavern and 
Grand Avenue Cave, which rival the 
Mammoth Cave in the beauty and grand- 
eur of their chambers, and excel in the 
number and variety of stalagmites and 
stalactites. 

The Chameleon Springs and the Chaly- 
beate Springs are popular summer resorts 
and watering places. 



ELLIOTT COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 10,387. County Seat, Sandy Hook. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, 
Thirty-second Senatorial, and One Hun- 
dredth Legislative Districts. 

Formed by an act of the Kentucky 
Legislature in 1869 and 1870, situated on 
tlie headwaters of Little Sandy River. 
Within the county are several water- 
courses navigable for floating out lumber, 



staves, etc. The soil is a deep loam with 
clay subsoil, well adapted to and on which 
grow fine crops of clover, orchard grass, 
timothy, oats, and wheat ; also excellent 
corn crops. Cattle are being extensively 
raised at a good profit. The county has 
all varieties of lumber of this climate ; 
much valuable oak and yellow poplar is 
now being marketed. Bituminous and 



C (,> M M K K C 1 A I. i; K l> W T H 



cauuel coal : tlie bituininous coal is from 
two to four feet thick : cannel coal runs 
five feet thick. This deposit is in the 
southern part of the county. It is thought 
to have large deposits of asphalt, as Elliott 
borders on Carter, near the asphalt mines 
now beinj; develoi^ed at Soldier, Ky. ; good 
saw and flouring mills. The public loads 
are in fair condition, with iron bridges 
across the principal streams, and the 
roads are beuig materiall\- improved, .Av- 
erage price for farm labor is S13 per 
mouth with board, SiS without board: 
good common schools, with an excellent 



coii>s of teachei"s, and two normal train- 
ing schools, where many are being prepared 
as teachers, 

Sandy Hook is the county seat, beauti- 
fully located, well watered, and healthful. 
In the southeastern part of this county 
are dikes, and diamonds are supposed to 
be deposited. Many geologists have vis- 
ited these dikes, where some mining has 
been done. Some silver mines with a 
small per cent of silver have been found. 
There is a bright future for Elliott County 
when the tine deposits of black and yellow 
oil on the Middle Fork are developed. 



ESTILL COUNTY 



Popi LATioN (Censis 1900), ii,(ioy. CoiNTY Seat, Ikvine. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial 
and Seventy-third Legislative Districts. 

Estill County, named in honor of Cap- 
tain James Estill, a noted Indian tighter, 
was established by an act of the Legisla- 
ture of 1S07, and was organized in the 
year following. It is composed of por- 
tions of Madison and Clark counties. The 
Kentucky River washes the shores of the 
county for approximately fifty miles, and 
receives within its course numerous tribu- 
taries of greater or less extent, of which 
Station Camp, Miller's Creek, Buck and 
Doe, Drowning and Cow creeks are the 
most important. The banks of the Ken- 
tucky and its affluents are thickly wooded 
with choice timber of both hard and soft 
varieties, and the river and creeks are util- 
ized during the rainy se.ison of the year 
for floating millions of feet of choice tim- 
ber to the mills. Mill sites of the finest 
character, with water power m abundance, 
dot the river banks on both sides for the 
entire water front of the county. The 
soil along the river and creek bottoms is 
of remarkable fertility and admirably 
adapted to the cultivation of the coarser 
cereals, ludian corn is raised on these 



bottoms with great success, the annual 
inundations furnishing sufficient silt to 
enrich and rejuvenate the soil for endless 
successive crops. 

Xo county in the State is richer in its 
mineral deposits than Estill, although they 
lie as yet in an almost totally undeveloped 
state. Immense fields of bituminous coal; 
miles of iron ore of unsurpassed viuality, 
which lie unused for lack of transporta- 
tion facilities; .^inc in paying quantities; 
petroleum that shows on the surface its 
great extent, in one instance bubbling 
from the ground in a continuous flow, so 
that it cau be seen iu considerable quan- 
tity for a mile on the surface of the 
stream on which it is located; building 
stone, scarcely inferior to granite, in inex- 
haustible deposits: hundred acres of work- 
able clays, contaniing kaolin, aluminum, 
and all the best material for pottery; all 
these are the known minerals of Estill 
Comity; known without any eftort made to 
discover, much less to develop them. 
There are many mineral springs in the 
county, all of the varieties of sulphur, 
alum, and chalybeate being represented, 
in several instances as many as five 
springs in close contiguity, having no two 



STATE OF KENTUCKY- 



53 



waters alike. The Estill Sp/ings, situated 
on the outskirts of the county seat, have 
been a popular watering place for nearl)- 
three quarters of a century, and are well 
]iatronized during the sununer season. 
Irvine has two mammoth saw mills that 
run as long as the river will furnish them 
timber: besides, scattered through the 
county, there are scores or more of mills 
of less capacity for sawing lumber. There 
are also four stave factories, and one for 
the manufacture of excelsior. The Louis- 
ville & Atlantic, running from Versailles 
to Irvine, a distance of sixty-one miles, is 
at present tlie only railroad tapping Estill 
County. 



Irvine, the county seat, is located in 
the Kentucky River valley, beautified and 
adorned by the loveliest of nature's 
scenery, and is healthful, the air being pure 
and salubrious and the waters noted for 
their health-restoring jiroperties. It has 
a population of nearly a thousand, and its 
people are polite, courteous, and to a large 
extent cultured and refined. It is tjuite a 
lumber emporium, quite an amount of 
capital being invested in that business. 
Its position on the border between the 
blnegrass and the mountains, the purity 
of its air and water, and many other things, 
make it one of the best locations for 
schools of high order in the State. 



F A Y E T T E C O U X T Y 



PoPL'LATION (CeNSLS I900), 42,071. COLNTY SeaT, LeXINGTON. 



Situated in the Seventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appelate, Twenty-second Judicial, 
Twenty-seventh Senatorial, and Sixty-first 
and Sixty-second Legislative Districts. 

Fayette is the central county of the 
celebrated bluegrass region of Central 
Kentucky. As originally constituted by 
the Legislature of Virginia, it was one of 
the three counties — Fayette. Lincoln, and 
Jefferson — composing the district of Ken- 
tucky, and was named after the distin- 
guished General Lafayette. It then in- 
cluded -'all that part of the county of 
Kentucky which lies north of the line, 
beginning at the mouth of the Kentucky 
River, and up the same and its middle 
fork to the head, thence south to the 
Washington line": thus including about 
one third of the present State. By the 
cutting off of many other counties it has 
been reduced to its present area. 

The surface of the county is a rolling 
upland, with the general level of the 
highest portions about i,ooo feet above 
sea level. The country becomes more 
broken towards the Kentucky River. 
■which forms the southern boundary for 



about fifteen miles, and falls off very 
abruptly from the brink of the river hills 
to the 600 contour line. All the county 
drains into the Kentucky River, the 
southeastern portion by streams that have 
their courses entirely within or along the 
borders of the county, the rest of the 
county by streams that flow outside the 
limits before emptying. The former are 
streams of comparatively rapid fall, and 
might furnish some water power if only 
they were streams of greater volume. 
Streams of this class are Boone's, Elk 
Lick, and Raven. The streams of the 
other class are North Elkhorn, Town 
Branch of South Elkhorn, South Elk- 
horn, West Hickman, and East Hickman. 
These are streams of more uniform flow, 
and though the fall per mile is not great 
furnish some power for flour and grist 
nulls. None of these streams are navigable. 
Numerous caves and sinks abound in the 
county. One of the best known is Russell 
Cave, about seven miles from town on the 
Russell Cave pike. A copious spring — 
literally an underground stream — issues 
from one side of the main entrance. 



54 



C O M M i: K C 1 A L r, K O W" T H 



The greater part of the land of the 
county is arable, and pasture land is of the 
finest quality. The soil is of two princi- 
pal kinds: That with red subsoil, derived 
from the Trenton limestone, and that 
with yellow subsoil, derived from the 
limestone of the Lower Hudson. These 
soils are very similar physically, both 
being rather clayey in texture, though not 
containing a large proportion of true 
clay, but being composed largely of 
very fine sand. They are remarkably 
rich in phosphates and contain a large 
reserve of insoluble potash silicates, so 
that they are capable of retaining their 
fertility for a long time under proper till- 
age, and when depleted may be restored 
again by clover or grass. This soil of the 
second class (yellow subsoil) is peculiarly 
well suited to the white Burley tobacco 
and to hemp, but the growing of tobacco 
has nearly^ superseded that of hemp in 
late years. It is also productive of corn, 
and is fairly good wheat soil. ' 

"Taking the county as a whole, there 
is still considerable marketable timber 
remaining in woodland pastures, but it is 
wisely being preserved for other purposes, 
and it is to be hoped that Fayette County 
may never be more completely deprived of 
her native trees and shrubs than she is 
at the present time. Certainly their 
worth in money is trifling when compared 
with their a-sthetic value as a feature of 
the bluegrass landscape, and their useful- 
ness as a partial check on the sudden and 
e.xtreme drouths with which of late this 
region has been too frequently visited." 

As the raising of fine stock, especially 
horses, is one of the most important in- 
terests of the county, a large part of the 
best land is retained in permanent blue- 
grass pastures. Much of this laud, 
however, has recently been devoted to 
the production of tobacco, which is gen- 
erally raised by white labor "on shares." 
Aside from this, most of the farming is done 
by colored laborers, and the average price 
for good labor is about S14 jier month, 
with board. 



Railroads. There are in Fayette 
County about sixty-seven miles of rail- 
road, having mileage as follows: Louis- 
ville & Nashville, nine and one half miles; 
Louisville Southern, eight and one half 
miles: Cincinnati Southern. fourteen 
miles: Kentucky Central, nine miles; Le.x- 
ington & Eastern, twelve miles; Chesa- 
peake & Ohio, eleven miles; I-exington 
Belt Line, three miles. All railroads 
center in Le.\ingtoii. 

Turnpikes. There are from 350 to 
400 miles of turnpike in the county, 
about 200 miles being Telford and the 
remaining macadam road. 

Lexington, the county seat, is a city of 
the second class, with a population of 
about 35,000, and is one of the oldest 
settlements in the State, the site having 
been visited by a party of hunters in 
June, 1775, and was named in honor of 
the battle of Lexington (Mass.). news of 
which had just been received by them. 
A permanent settlement was effected in 
1779, and it was incorporated as a town 
in 1782 and as a city in 1832. The city 
has had an interesting history, and has 
long been famous as the home of many 
men who have occupied high places 
in the councils of the State and the 
nation. 

Its position at the intersection of sev- 
eral railroad lines extending in all direc- 
tions, together with its extensive system 
of turnpikes radiating into every part of 
the surrounding country, gives it the most 
coumiandiug commercial position in the 
eastern half of. Kentuckv, and has re- 
sulted in the development of many impor- 
tant business enterprises and in the 
building up of one of the handsomest 
cities of the State. 

The principal streets are paved with 
brick, and internal travel is further facili- 
tated by a veiy complete electric street 
railway system, which reaches every 
(juarter of the city. The Street Railway 
Company also operates the electric light 
system of the city and an extensive plant 
for the manufacture of ice. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



55 



The water supply of the city comes from 
Lake EUerslie, an artificial reservoir cover- 
ing 126 acres, three miles east of the city. 

The business interests of the city are 
extensive and varied. As a horse market 
it has long been famous, and the various 
racing meetings throughout the season at 
the Fair Grounds bring together a large 
number of horse breeders and owners 
from all parts of the country. 

Tobacco, hemp, and canning factories 
and flouring mills convert the raw materials 
from the surrounding farms into finished 
products. A large brewery has recently 
been added to the city's business in- 
terests, and a tobacco warehouse is in 
process of construction by the Continental 
Tobacco Company. Many large whole- 
sale and retail commercial houses serve 
as distributing agents for all kinds of 
food products and manufacturers. 

The public buildings of Lexington are 
large and imposing. The court house 
was erected at a cost of §200,000. 

The government building, in which are 
located the post-office and the offices of 
the Seventh Internal I^evenue District, is 
a splendid granite structure, erected in 
1889, and is well adapted to its purposes. 

The Eastern Kentucky Asylum for the 
Insane is located upon the northern edge 
of the city. 

Two splendid general hospitals afford a 
refuge for those striken down by disease 
or accident: St. Joseph's, conducted by 
the Roman Catholics, and the Good Sa- 
maritan, managed jointly by the Prot- 
estant churches of the city. 

In its educational institutions I^exingtou 
stands pre-eminent. It has for many years 
been the Mecca of Chautauquans of Ken- 
tucky, and the annual gatherings of the 
assembly are largely and enthusiastically 
attended at Woodland Park, in the east- 
ern part of the city. The assembly has a 
large auditorium and numerous subordinate 
buildings beautifully situated in a noble 
grove of Kentucky's finest forest trees. 



Kentucky University and the Agricul- 
tural and Mechanical, or State College, as 
it is called, are both large and flourishing 
institutions and provide instruction for 
both men and women. The former is 
conducted under the auspices of the 
Christian Church, and in its l^iblc Col- 
lege especially, where students meet 
from all parts of the world, is an impor- 
tant auxiliary of that denomination. Its 
College of Liberal Arts offers courses in 
the usual branches of collegiate instruc- 
tion. 

The State College is a non-sectarian 
institution, supported jointly by the State 
and the Federal governments. While 
giving instructions in the usual classical 
studies it is also especially prepared to 
give thorough courses in scientific, agri- 
cultural, and engineering lines, its labora- 
tories and shops being amply equipped 
with the best modern apparatus for this 
work. Associated with the college, the 
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station 
is constantly engaged in experimental 
work with farm and garden crops in the 
interest of farmers. 

Besides these two institutions, there 
are three others for the education of 
young ladies: Say re Institute, Hamilton 
College, and St. Catherine's Academy, con- 
ducted under the several auspices of the 
Presbyterian, Christian, and Roman Cath- 
olic churches. The American Missionary 
Association also maintains a large normal 
school for colored pupils. In addition to 
all tliese, there are several large commer- 
cial colleges, private schools, and the 
necessary quota of public schools for the 
needs of the community. 

The principal villages outside of Lex- 
ington are East Hickman, Athens, Cen- 
terville. Walnut Hill, Fort Spring, 
Chilesburg, Donerail, South Elkhorn, and 
Sandersville. The State Houses of 
Reform are located at Greendale, a station 
on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, a 
few miles north of Lexington. 



56 



C O M M E K C 1 A L G K O W T H 



FLEMIXC. COUNTY 



PoiTLATION (Censis lyoo). I 



7.074. 



County Seat. l-LEMiNGsmRc. 



Situated in the Niiilli Congressional. 
Sixth .\ppellate, Nineteenth Judicial, 
Thirty-fifth Senatorial, and Eiglity-eishtli 
Legislative Districts. 

Fleming County was formed in 1798 
out of a portion of Mason, and was the 
twenty-sixth county in the State: was 
named in honor of Colonel John M. Flem- 
ing, who was head of the numerous family 
of Flemings. It is situated in the north- 
eastern part of the State, seventeen miles 
from the Oiiio Kiver. LicUiug Kiver tra- 
verses the southwestern border, and is fed 
by Fox, Fleming, and Johnson creeks, which 
in early days were noted for the numerous 
water mills that •• cracked the corn." The 
eastern portion of the county is mountain- 
ous and heavily timbered, poplar, pine, oak, 
and chestnut prevailing. Iron ore, oil. 
and building stone are fomid in the county 
in abundance. The soil is deep and rich, 
producing corn, wheat, an<f tobacco eipial 
to any in the State, and surpassed l>y none. 
Fine turnpikes are scattered all over the 
county, and are sustained bj' taxation. 



I-"arm hands receive from JiS to S20 per 
month, and day laborers from Si to Sj 
per day. 

J'lemingsburg, the county seat, one of 
the prettiest towns m the State, has a 
jiopulation of 1,700, a substantial and 
commodious court house, one of the finest 
public school buildings in the State, elec- 
tric lights, telephone exchange, the best 
fire department in the State outside of 
Louisville, two newspapers, six churches, 
two banks, three hotels, one restaurant, 
one large flouring mill, three tobacco barns, 
four livery stables, four drug stores, five 
dry goods, one clothing, seven grocery, 
two hardware, two jewelry, two furniture, 
two millinery, and one agricultural supply 
stores; three blacksmith, two saddlery, 
and two carriage shoj>s: two undertakers, 
two dentists, seven physicians, thirteen 
lawyers, and three secret societies. I'lem- 
ingsburg is surrounded by a rich and un- 
dulating country, with extensive farms, 
fat mules, fine horses, cattle. li<igs, and 
shec]i. 



FLOYD COU NT Y 
Population (Census tcjoo), 15.55^. County Seat, I'RESTONiuKr.. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate. Twenty-fourth Judi- 
cial. Thirty-third Senatorial, and Xinety- 
seventh Legislatixe Districts. 

Floyd County is situated in the extreme 
portion of Eastern Kentucky. It was made 
a county in 1 799, and its territory was taken 
from the counties of Mason, Fleming, and 
Montgomery. It was named in honor of 
Colonel John Floyd, a very prominent man 
in Kentucky in the early days of the State. 



It has since contributed much of its territorv 
to form other counties, sixteen counties 
having been formed, in whole or in part, 
from the original territoiy of Flovd. The 
surface of the county is very mountainous; 
it is well watered and drained by the Big 
Sandy and its tributaries, which flow 
through the central portion of the county. 
In the valleys of the Big Sandy the 
soil is fertile, and the principal crop of 
the county, which is corn, is grown to 



STATE OF K E N T U C K \- 



57 



great perfection; wheat, oats, and flax are 
also cultivated to some extent. 

The mountains and hills of the whole 
county are underlaid with coal, the supply 
being practically inexhaustible, but want 
of proper ■ facilities for transporting to 
market has hindered the development of 
same very materially. Much of the valu- 
able timber of the county has been cut 
and rafted out of the county on the Big 
Sandy, yet there still remains mUch valu- 
able timber, oak, poplar, hickory, beech, 
ash, and walnut. Large tracts of good 
timber can be bought at reasonable prices 
per acre. Diversified farming is not 
carried on, this, like most of the mountain 
counties, confining its principal industries 
to the minerals and timber of the county. 
The Big Sandy River is navigable in the 
winter and spring seasons for small 
steamers, and in summer for push boats. 
There are no turnpikes in the county. 
The public roads of the county are com- 
mon dirt roads, which are maintained and 



kejjt up under the road laws of the State. 
There are no railroads in the county, 
though the Kentucky Midland has been 
projected to run through the northern 
part of the county, entering it at Need- 
more, on the western boundary, running 
to Prestonburg, the county seat, and 
thence in a southeasternly direction into 
Pike. 

The labor mostly employed in the 
county is furnished l)y native whites. For 
farm labor, hands can be had at §io to 
Si 5 per month and board. 

The school facilities of this county are 
furnished by the common schools, wliich 
in a general way may be said to be in 
good condition: they are well attended, 
and under good management. 

Prestonburg, the county seat of Floyd 
County, is situated in the northern part of 
the county, on the Big Sandy River. It 
is a nice little village, has a church and 
school house, besides a few stores and 
shops. 



FRANKLIN COUNTY 



Population (Census lyoo), 20,85.;. County Seat, Franktort. 



Situated in the Seventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, F'ourteenth Judicial, 
Twentieth Senatorial, and Fifty-sixth 
Legislative Districts. 

Franklin County, situated in the north- 
ern part of the State, was organized as 
a county in 1794, and is. therefore, one 
of the oldest counties in the State in date 
of organization. 

The topography of the county is gently 
rolling, with the exception of that portion 
bordering on the banks of the Kentucky 
River and some of its tributaries, where 
the precipitous bluffs, characteristic of 
that stream, rise to a height of 100 feet, 
and constitute some of the finest scenery 
in the State. It is credited with com- 
paring favorably with the Palisades of the 
Hudson. 



The soil is a clay loam, very produc- 
tive, and adapted to the growth of heavy 
cereals and tobacco, and in the northern 
portion especially adapted to growing 
peaches and apples, to which consider- 
able attention is paid. 

The timber resources of the county are 
limited, being only sufficient for local 
use. The Kentucky River flows through 
the center of the county from north to 
south. By a system of locks and dams, 
under the control of the general govern- 
ment, it is navigable at all seasons, and 
furnishes the county cheap and reliable 
transportation for its products. The 
other streams of the county are Big and 
Little Benson, and Elkhorn, all tributa- 
ries of the Kentucky River. Some lead 
ore is known to exist in the countv, but 



58 



C t) M M E R C I A L ( ■ K ( » W T H 



has never been exploited sufficiently to 
determine its commercial value. Along 
the cliffs of the Kentucky Kiver a species 
of limestone, known as Kentucky marble, 
is found. It is a valuable building stone, 
the strata lying in even thicknesses. From 
this stone the present State House at 
Frankfort was built. The county has a 
number of mineral springs, mostly of 
sulphur impregnation. 

The county has the L.. C. A: L. di- 
vision of the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad running through the southern 
end of the county, and the Frankfort & 
Cincinnati running from Frankfort to 
Paris, and connecting at Georgetown with 
the C, N. O. & T. P. for Cincinnati and 
the South. These lines, with the twenty- 
odd miles of river transportation fur- 
nished by the Kentucky Kiver, give the 
county excellent transportation facilities. 

There are a nuuiber of large saw mills 
located on the Kentuck)' Kiver, which are 
supplied with logs from the counties on 
the head-waters of the river, being sent 
down in rafts during spring and winter 
tides. Kentucky River Mills, located at 
Frankfort, and utilizing the water power 
furnished by Lock No. 4, is an old-es- 
tablished and highly prosperous factory, 
using annually many thousand pounds of 
hemp in the manufacture of the higher 
grades of binder and commercial twine. 
There are also a number of large distil- 
leries in the county, all of which stand at 
the top in reputation uf their brands. 
Next in importance is the flour mill indus- 
try, mainly centered at Frankfort. 

The macadamized roads of the county 
are free to the public and are maintained 
out of the general revenue. 

The labor of the county is performed 
by both white and colored laborers, and 



the price varies from Sio to S13 per 
month with board for labor on the farm. 
The wages in factories and mills varies 
from Si. 2 5 per day for unskilled labor 
to S3 and S5 per day for skilled mechan- 
ics and foremen. 

The educational facilities of the county 
are good, although consisting mainly of 
the public schools. The district schools 
are taught by progressive teachers. They 
are well attended and in the matter of 
educating the masses are doing a great 
work. 

Frankfort city school is a superb build- 
ing, erected at a cost of $30,000. It is 
equipped with kindergarten. manual 
training, and art departments. The pres- 
ent enrollment is some 1,300 pupils, under 
control of twenty-four teachers. The 
graduates from this school are fully pre- 
pared to enter the best colleges and 
universities. So well in fact does this 
school meet the educational requirements 
that private institutions of instruction 
have found it difficult to maintain them- 
selves. 

Frankfort, the county seat and capital 
of the State, is situated on the Kentucky 
River. It is one of the oldest cities of 
the State, which fact, together with its 
picturesque location, makes it especiallj' 
a point of interest. It has a population 
of about 10,000, is favorably located, 
and enjoys a considerable trade. Here 
are located the public offices of the State, 
the main State prison, the State Colored 
Normal School for the preparation of 
teachers of that race, and the Kentucky 
Feeble-Minded Institute for the instruction 
of children of imperfect development. 

Bridgeport, Jetts, Elkhorn. Benson, 
Peak's Mill, Elmville, Swallowfield. and 
Flagfork are thrivim; villages. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



59 



FULTOX COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 11,546. County Seat, Hickman. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
Firbt Appellate, First Judicial, First 
Senatorial, and First Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Fulton County was cut off or taken from 
Hickman County in the year 1S45, from 
the southwestern part of the county, and 
is situated in the extreme southwestern 
angle of the State, on the Mississippi River; 
contains about 184 square miles. It was 
named in honor of the celebrated in- 
ventor of the steamboat, Robert Fulton. 
The bends of the Mississippi River are so 
many and e.\tensive it gives the county 
many miles of shore line. The county is 
well watered and drained by the several 
streams emptying into the Mississippi 
River from the same, principal among 
them being Bayou da Chien and Obion 
Creek. Fulton's soil is good ; a large por- 
tion of the county is very productive, the 
principal products of the farm being corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, and tobacco. Tlie 
greater portion of the county is what is 
known as upland and is very good, the 
Mississippi bottoms being especially rich 
and fertile. This county is a great 
county for strawberries, and they are 
grown to great perfection and in great 
abundance, and thousands of dollars' 
worth of them are shipped to the Chicago 
market. The timber supply of the 
county remains good, probably one third 
of the original timber of the county yet 
remaining. Oak, poplar, hickory, and 
cypress are to be found in abundance. 



.\bout forty miles of shore line along the 
Mississippi River is all the water trans- 
portation the county has, none of the 
streams of the county being navigable. 
Bayou de Chien and Little Ohio are navi- 
gable for rafts and small flatboats. There 
are no turnpikes in the county; the pub- 
lic roads are the common county or dirt 
roads. They are worked and maintained 
under the road laws of the State. There 
are about forty miles of railroad in the 
county, the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. 
Louis, Mobile & Ohio, and Illinois Cen- 
tral, southern division. 

Good farm lands can be had at reason- 
able prices, and labor on same, which is 
mostly native white and colored, can be 
liad for ?io to $12 per month and board. 
The facilities for education are furnished 
by the common schools of the county, 
which are well attended and under good 
and careful management. 

Hickman, the county seat of Fulton 
County, was incorporated in i>S34, and 
called Mills Point, but was changed in 
1837 to Hickman, in honor of Hon. 
Edwin Hickman, of Tennessee. It is 
located about fifty miles below the mouth 
of the Ohio River, on the east bank of the 
Mississippi, and had a population in 1890, 
according to the eleventh census, of 
1,652, but it is estimated now to be about 
2,000. Its facilities for transportation, 
both by water and by rail, are first class. 
It is a flourishing town, with good schools 
and churches. 



6o 



COMMERCIAL G K O W" T H 



GALL A T IX CO U X T Y 



POPILATION (CenSIS IQOO), 5,163. CoiNTY SeaT. WaRSAW. 



Situated in the Sixth Cougiessional, 
Fifth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial. 
Twenty-third Senatorial, and Fifty-tliird 
Legislative Districts. 

The county of Gallatin, named after 
Hon. Albert Gallatin, secretary of the 
United States Treasury during President 
Jefferson's administration, was organized 
in 1798 from parts of Shelby and Frank- 
lin counties, and was the twenty-third 
county organized in the State. It was at 
one time one of the largest counties in 
the State, but territory has been taken 
from it at \arious times for the formation 
of other counties, until now it is one of 
the smallest. Owen Count}- was formed 
from it in iSig, Trimble, in part, in 
1836. Carroll took the western half 
in 1838, forming Carroll Count}-, with 
Carrollton as the county seat, which 
originally w as Port Williams, the county 
seat of Gallatin County. Warsaw-, for- 
merly known as Fredericksburg, became 
the county seat of Gallatin. 

Gallatin County has always been a 
prosperous county, always paying into 
the State treasury- more revenue than it 
drew out, and being of little expense to 
the State, owing to the law-respecting 
citizenship it has within its borders. 
Many a circuit court passes without the 
return of a single indictment. The county 
is situated at the low-er end of the " great 
bend"' of the Ohio River, and is about 
midway between the two great cities of 
Louisville and Cincinnati. The surface 
of the county is generally hilly, though 
there is an extensive acreage of river bot- 
tom land, above high water mark. It is 
limestone soil, and is very productive. 
White Burley tobacco, corn, live stock, 
fruit, and garden farming are given 



especial attention. There is a small out- 
cropping of coal and lead in the western 
part of the county, and a very superior 
quality of tiling clay is also found. The 
timber supply has been about exhausted, 
there being only about five per cent of 
the forests left. The county is well 
watered by creeks. Eagle Creek bouuds 
it on the south, and the Ohio River on 
the north, the river boundary being 
twenty-one miles. The county is most 
desirably situated for anj- kind of busi- 
ness. 

The county seat, Warsaw, has a popu- 
lation of over 1,100, with several facto- 
ries and all the reasonable conveniences, 
such as first-class fire department, good 
sidewalks, and streets well lighted at 
night. The expenses are paid out of 
liquor licenses, from three hotel saloons, 
and the wharf privileges. 

The count)' has an excellent class of 
citizens, and has a jiopulation of about 
6,000. The land will raise any kind of 
crop suitable to the climate. The land 
ranges in value from S5 to SSo. Farm 
labor is both white and colored: price, 
from $S to S16 per mouth with board, 
and from S15 to §20 per month without 
board. 

There are seventy-one miles of free 
turnpike, and ninety-four miles of dirt 
road, all kept up by a system of taxation. 
The tax rate is 60 1, cents for all pur- 
poses. The county debt is only about 
$20,000. 

The county is well supplied with good 
schools and churches, and the laws are 
faithfully executed. The people encour- 
age the incoming of evei'y good citizen, 
and are willing to assist every industrial 
enterprise. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



6i 



GARRARD COUNTY 



Population (Census iguo), 12,142. County Skat. Lancaster. 



Situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, 
Eighteenth Senatorial, and Sixty-seventh 
Legislative Districts. 

Garrard County was formed in 1796 out 
of the counties of Madison, Lincoln, and 
Mercer, and was named in honor of James 
Garrard, who was then governor of the 
State of Kentucky. It is centrally located, 
its capital, Lancaster, being within twenty 
miles of the geographical center of the 
State. Jessamine County, from which it 
is separated by the Kentucky River, 
bounds it on the north: Madison County 
on the east; Lincoln and Rockcastle coun- 
ties on the south, and Boyle and Mercer 
counties on the west. It is, therefore, a 
" bluegrass " county. Part of the county 
is hilly, much of it undulating — what is 
called rolling land. The soil is highly 
productive of corn and the small grains, 
tobacco, and hemp. The "Buckeye" 
section of the county is hilly, and has 
been cultivated in grain for near a hundred 
years and seems to have lost little, if 
any, of its original fine productive quali- 
ties. Perhaps the best and fattest hogs 
of this county, and as fine as those of 
any county, are driven up out of " Buck- 
eye" for shipment in the fall. The tim- 
ber, for any but fuel and fencing purposes, 
is about exliausted. There is much oak 
timber in some sections of the county 
suited for milling purposes. Farming is 
diversified only in the usual way by rota- 
tion of crops, and there is no dairying or 
truck farming, and very little fruit grow- 



ing, carried on as a specialty in the 
county. There are 120 miles of turnpike 
road in the county, all of which can now 
be traveled free of toll, with a rate of 
taxation for maintenance of about 25 
cents on the $100 worth of property. 
The other public roads of the county be- 
long to the general statutory system of 
roads, and are well kept. The Louisville 
& Nasfiville Railroad, " Kentucky Central 
Division," crosses the county, covering a 
distance of fourteen miles. 

The average price of farm lands, im- 
proved and unimproved, is about Si 5. 
The labor employed is native, and the 
average price per month is $13. 

The county seat is Lancaster, with a 
population of 1,500, laid off in a perfect 
square, extendmg one half mile in each 
direction from the center of the public 
square. It is a fifth-class city, with a 
graded school and six churches. The 
business houses are nearly all new and 
modern in their architecture, beautiful in 
design, and are large and comfortable. 
Many of the residences are handsome, 
comnrodious, and elegant in design and 
finish, and few cities have more shade 
trees, which are properly located for 
shading the houses and streets in the 
heated term. The public schools of the 
county are in good condition, with wide- 
awake teachers, trustees, and county 
superintendent. The county has no bonded 
indebtedness, and the rate of taxation for 
county purposes, including the turnpike 
tax, will be about 50 cents on the J 100. 



62 



COM M K KC I A L C. K O \V T H 



GRANT C O U N T Y 

Popri.ATioN (Census igoo), 13,239. Coi-nty Seat, Williamsiowx. 



Situated in the Sixth Congiessional, 
Sixth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial, Twen- 
t_v-sixth Senatorial, and Se\'enty-seventh 
Lej^islative Districts. 

Grant County was created a county of 
the Commonwealth of Kentucky on the 
12th day of February. 1820. It was 
created from a part of Pendleton, and 
contained all of the territory now em- 
braced within its boundaries excepting a 
small strip added from Campbell County 
in 1830 and a larger strip secured from 
Harrison County in 1833, and a small 
cut-off from Boone County in r868, and a 
very considerable piece attached from 
Owen County in 1876. Grant County 
was the sixty- seventh county formed in 
the State. Grant County, even in the 
beginning, was a beautiful spot; her peo- 
ple, though few and poor, were honest 
and loyal to the flag, and suffered untold 
hardships and dangers that their posterity 
might reap the harvest of riches and good 
government these pioneers had sown. 

The country is broken upland, with a 
deep, rich soil on a foundation of yellow 
clay, and that in turn underlaid with an 
inexhaustible supply of limestone. The 
timber has all been cut away, and nearly 
all of the county is in the highest state 
of cultivation. 

Corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and 
white Hurley tobacco are the chief crops 
cultivated. The tobacco crop frequently 
reaches as much as 5,000,000 jjounds, 
and the (|uality grown in the hills of 
Grant can hardly be etiualcd in the white 
Burley belt. 

Grant County is preeminently a stock- 
raising county. There are thousands of 
acres of bluegrass scattered from one 
end of the county to the other, and tim- 
othy, clover, and all other grasses do 
remarkably well on its soil. The stock 



raised in Grant County are fine cattle, 
sheep, horses, mules, and hogs. 

During recent years the county has 
been greatly improved by better methods 
of farming, and the agricultural popula- 
tion have increased their wealth until 
most of the farmers of the county are 
well-to-do. 

In every part of the county are to be 
found lovely homes, magnificent barns, 
and all of the conveniences that go to 
make country life the best life on earth 
to live. 

No county in the State has a better 
system of macadam turnpike roads than 
Grant County. The mileage is a little 
under 500 miles, and it all belongs to the 
county. The roads were made free some 
three years ago, and have been improved 
each year since, until they are now second 
to no roads in the State. Every neigh- 
borhood and nearly every home in the 
county is reached by a good turnpike road. 

The county has thirty miles of railroad. 
The Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas 
Pacific passes along the Dry Ridge for 
more than twenty miles within the limits 
of the county. The Louisville & Nash- 
ville passes through the northern part of 
the county for a distance of approxi- 
mately nine miles. 

Grant County has no navigable streams. 
Its creeks are Big Eagle. Grassy Run, 
Clark's Creek, Arnold Creek, Ten Mile 
Creek, Fork Lick, Grassy Creek, and 
Crooked Creek. 

The schools are improving from year 
to year, and are now second to those in 
no county in the State. At Williams- 
town, Dry Ridge, Corinth, and Critten- 
den there are free graded schools, and in 
every neighborhood of the county a good 
public school, presided over by a compe- 
tent teacher. 



STATE OF K E N T L' C K 'i' 



Williamstown is the county seat of the 
county. It was founded prior to 1820, 
and is a beautiful little city situated in 
the center of the county, on the Cincin- 
nati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Railroad. 
Within the county there are more than 



sixty church organizations, with that 
many places of public worship. The 
Baptist is the leading denomination, with 
the Methodist Episcopal Chuixh, South, 
Christian, Presbyterian, North and South, 
and Roman Catholic next in order. 



G R A \' E S C O U N T \' 



Popui.ATioN (Census 1900), 33,204. County Se.\t. Mavmeld. 



Situated in the Fiist Congressional, 
First Appellate, First Judicial, First Sena- 
torial, and First Legislative Districts. 

Graves County, organized A. D. 1824, 
is the central county in what is known as 
Jackson's Purchase, which lies between 
the Tennessee and Ohio rivers on the 
east and north, and the Mississippi River 
on the west, and borders on the Tennessee 
State line on the south. It is thirty miles 
from north to south, and eighteen miles 
from east to west, and is the only county 
in the State with four regular, straight 
lines. 

There are several pits of potters' brick 
and tile clay in the county, which are 
being worked with profit. Vast quanti- 
ties of this clay has been shipped to the 
East for the manufacture of ironstone 
china, fancy tiling, etc. A plant at May- 
field is manufacturing a very superior and 
handsome brick from clay found two and 
a half miles east of that cityT 

The West Fork of Clark's River and 
Panther Creek are live streams, and are 
fed by springs. These streams, wells, 
and cisterns, and artificial ponds, furnish 
the water supply of the county. There is 
also on these streams some fine timber, 
which is being rapidly used up bj' saw 
mills and other like industries. 

Agriculture is the chief occupation of 
the people, tobacco the principal crop, 
15,000,000 to 25,000,000 pounds being 
raised annually. Wheat produces from 
ten to thirty bushels per acre, corn twenty- 



five to fifty bushels per acre, and oats 
grow fairly well. Clover, timothy, red 
top, and orchard grass are all success- 
fully grown, and with the stock pea crop 
furnish the hay of the county. Blue- 
grass is grown for ornamental purposes, 
and in time doubtless will be largely 
raised for grazing. 

Sorghum, melons, potatoes, turnips, 
and all kinds of vegetables, peaches, 
apples, pears, plums, berries of all kinds, 
do well and are grown for market pur- 
poses to some extent. Sheep do well 
here, barring the destructive "cur." 

There are several manufacturing enter- 
prises in the county, mostly at Mayfield ; 
the Mayfield Woolen Mills, Merit Pants 
Company, May Pants Company, Beau- 
mont Soap Factory, two planing mills, ice 
factory, water-works, electric lights, iron 
foundry, several tobacco rehandling houses 
and warehouses. 

West Kentuky College, located at May- 
field, affords excellent facilities for men 
and women seeking a business education. 
There are 105 white school districts in 
the county and nineteen colored. Farm- 
ington, Sedalia, and Wingo have good 
graded schools. 

The county has a population of 33,000, 
and Mayfield, inside corporate limits, of 
4,200, with very large suburban popula- 
tion, making at least 6,000. 

The county is out of debt ; the tax rate 
is 38 cents for all purposes, and 81.50 
per capita. 



64 



C O M M E K C I A I. r. K O W" T H 



C. R A YSO N CO r N TV 



Population (Census 1900), 19,878. County Seat, Leitchfield. 



Situated iu the Fourth Cougressioual. 
Second Appellate, Ninth Judicial, 
Twelfth Senatorial, and Tweuty-seveuth 
Legislative Districts. 

Grayson County was formed from a 
part of Ohio and Hai-diu counties iu the 
year iSio, and was named in honor of 
Colonel William Grayson, of Virginia. 

Rough River, Nolynn River, and Bear 
Creek are tlie principal water- courses. 
None of these streams is navigable ex- 
cept for i^afts at high tide. 

The soil is generally light, and with the 
aid of commercial fertilizers, which are 
used extensively, produces good crops of 
tobacco, com, wheat, oats, hay, and the 
various vegetables usually grown in this 
climate. Fruits grow well iu the county. 
and considerable attention is being given 
to that industry at present. Farm labor- 
ers are paid from Sio to §15 per month, 
including board. 



The Illinois Central Railroad runs 
through the center of the county from 
northwest to southeast. 

Leitchfield, the county seat ;uid prin- 
cipal town, has a population of about 
1.200, is a thriving and prosperous busi- 
ness community, with good public build- 
ings, excellent schools, telephone ex- 
change, numerous churches, bank, ice 
plant, and a number of the best mer- 
cantile establishments found in this section 
of the State. 

Good schools and churches are found 
in all parts of the county. 

Grayson Springs, located four miles 
from Leitchfield. one of the oldest and 
most celebrated resorts in tlie south, 
owned and operated by Mercke Brothers, 
has, within the past year, been remodeled 
and equipped in thoroughly modern and 
elegant style, making it second to none in 
the countrv. 



GREEN C O I" N T \ 
PopiLATios (Ceksis 1900). i2..:55. Coixrv Seat, Greensbirg. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third .Appellate, Eleventh Judicial. Thir- 
teenth Senatorial. and Thirty -eighth 
Legislative Districts. 

Green County, located in the south- 
central part of the State, >vas formed in 
1792. The surface of the county is un- 
dulating, in some portions extremely 
rough and hilly. The valley and creek 
bottom lauds are unite fertile, and produce 
good crops of tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, 
rye, sugar cane, and the various grasses and 
vegetables usually grown in this climate. 

Green River. Little Barren River, 
Caney Fork, Big Russell's Creek, Little 
Russell's Creek. Greasy Creek, Tram- 
niond Creek, and Pittman Creek are the 
principal water-courses. 



Good churches and schools are located 
in all parts of the county. 

Considerable timber of all classes usu- 
ally grown iu this climate, except walnut, 
is found in the county. 

The Cumberland & Ohio Railroad, a 
branch of the Louisville & Nashville sys- 
tem, has its terminus at Greensburg. 

Greensburg. the county seat, is a pros- 
perous town, with an excellent public 
school system, good streets, five churches, 
and a number of wide-awake, progres- 
sive business houses in all branches of 
trade. 

Horkinsville. Gresham, Thurlow, Eve, 
Pierce, Osceola, and Sununersville are 
among the most important of the business 
places. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



65 



GREENUP COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 15,432. County Seat, Greenup. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, 
Thirty-second Senatorial, and Ninety- 
ninth Legislative Districts. 

Greenup County is situated in the ex- 
treme northern part of the State. It was 
made a county in the year 1803 and 
named in honor of Governor Christopher 
Greenup. It is well watered and drained 
by Tygart's Creek, Little Sandy River, 
and their tributaries, which empty into 
the Ohio River. The soil of Greenup 
County, particularly the river bottoms, is 
fertile and strong, producing in great 
abundance. The staples of the Greenup 
County farm are corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
and tobacco. The hill or uplands pro- 
duce the finest pastures, and the hillsides 
also grow the most magnificent tobacco. 
Stock raising is largely engaged in. and 
sheep raising is particularly an important 
industry with the farmers of this county. 
The labor of the county is very generally 
performed by the native whites, who can 



be employed for J?io to ^15 per month 
and board. 

Good schools and churches are located 
in all parts of the county. 

There are about fifty-three miles of 
completed and operated railroads in the 
county: the Chesapeake & Ohio and the 
Eastern Kentucky railroads. The river 
border gives unexcelled facilities for 
transportation, both for travel and for 
shipping surplus products to market. 

.\bout one eighth of the county is in 
timber, principally white oak, pine, and 
beech. 

Greenup is the county seat of Greenup 
County, situated in the northeastern part 
of the county, on the Ohio River and 
the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. It is a 
nice, flourishing town, with a population, 
according to the census of i8go, of 660, 
but now estimated to be about 1,000. It 
tias a good trade, enterprising merchants, 
good hotels, good citizens, churches, and 
school houses. 



HANCOCK COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 8,914. County Seat, Hawesville. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Tenth 
Senatorial, and Twenty-ninth Legislative 
Districts. 

Hancock County was organized in 
1829, and named in honor of John 
Hancock. It is in the northwestern part 
of the State, on the Ohio River, and has 
an area of about 200 square miles. 

There are no navigable streams within 
the county, the Ohio River, on its north- 
ern boundary, furnishing the only water 
transportation. The county is drained by 
Indian and Sandy creeks and their tribu- 



taries in the eastern portion, and Black- 
ford Creek and its tributaries in the 
southern and western sections. 

The Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis 
Railroad runs through the county with its 
northern boundary, and nearly parallel 
with the Ohio River. 

The bottom lands adjacent to the Ohio 
River are very rich and productive. 
These bottoms and creek bottoms com- 
prise about one third of the area of the 
county, and make most desirable farms. 
These bottoms are of fine, rich, sandy 
soil; the hills or rolling lands are com- 



66 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



posed of clay soils. Nearly all of the 
county is underlaid with bituminous coal, 
and the well-known Falcon and Hawes 
coal is found in the western part of the 
county, and the famous cannel coal mines 
are situated in the eastern portion. 
Potters' and fire clay are also found un- 
derlying the coal and elsewhere in the 
county in great abundance. Some of the 
finest red sandstone in the world is found 
in this county. Graphite and other min- 
erals are known to exist, but have not 
been developed. Gas and oil are both 
known to abound in the county, but 
neither has yet been developed. The 
supply of timber is well-nigh exhausted, 
but there can yet be found nearly all the 



varieties indigenous to this latitude, 
though in limited quantity. 

The labor employed is mostly native 
white and colored hands, for which a good 
price is paid, averaging Si8 per month. 

Educational facilities are furnished 
alone by the common schools of the 
county, the school fund in some instances 
being supplemented by local taxation. 
The county has no bonded debt; the rate 
of taxation for county purposes is forty- 
three cents on the Sioo. 

Hawesville, the county seat of Hancock 
County, is situated in the northeastern 
part of the county, on the Ohio River 
and on the Louisville. Henderson & St. 
Louis Railroad, and is a flourishing town. 



HARDIN COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 22,837. County Seat, Elizahethtown. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Twelfth 
Senatorial, and Thirty-first Legislative 
Districts. 

Hardin County was named after John 
E. Hardin, and was created by act of the 
legislature in 1792 out of a part of 
Nelson County. Several other counties 
have since been formed out of a part of 
this territory. The first settlement was 
at Elizabethtown, the county seat, and 
was known originally as the Severn Valley 
Settlement. 

The county has produced some of the 
leading men in the State, notably Gov. 
John L. Helm, Gov. John Young Brown, 
Gen. Ben Hardin Helm, who was killed 
at Chickamauga. It was also the birth- 
place of Abraham Lincoln, the old 
Lincoln homestead having been subse- 
quently included in what is now Larue 
County. Gov. John Ireland, of Texas, 
spent his youth in this county. President 
James Buchanan and Judge Joe Holt lived 
in Elizabethtown at one time and prac- 
ticed law. 



The county in territory is one of the 
largest in the State. 

The county is watered and drained by 
Salt River and Rolling Fork, with their 
numerous tributaries. 

Much of the land in the county consists 
of rich bottoms. Most of this land has 
been cultivated with corn for a hundred 
years, and the yield is from si.xty to one 
hundred bushels to the acre. South of 
the Rolling Fork valley is the range of 
Muldraugh Hills, extending entirely across 
the county from east to west. On the 
slopes of these hills is the finest fruit 
region in Kentucky. Peaches, apples, 
pears, and grapes grow there to the great- 
est perfection. 

On the southern slope of Muldraugh 
Hill is Elizabethtown, the county seat of 
Hardin, 300 feet above Louisville. It 
has a population of over 3,000: has a 
fine sj'stem of water-works, electric 
lights, two telephone exchanges, and is 
in every respect an up-to-date town. 

The cattle industry has grown wonder- 
fully in the county in the past two years. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



67 



Nearly a half million dollars' worth of 
cattle were shipped out of the county in 
the past year. No county in the State is 
in better condition financially. It is on a 
cash basis, has $30,000 in the county 



school fund, has spent in the past few 
years $100,000 in cash on its public 
roads, and owns 800 shares of Louisville 
& Nashville stock. The county ranks first 
in the State in its public school interests. 



HARLAN COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 9,378. County Seat, Harlan Court House. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Tvventy-si.\th Judicial, 
Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety-third 
Legislative Districts. 

Harlan County was formed out of parts 
of Knox and Floyd counties in 18 19, and 
is situated in the southeastern part of the 
State. It is the most rugged and moun- 
tainous of all our mountain counties. It 
was named in honor of Major Silas Har- 
lan, a young Virginian, a gallant and 
accomplished soldier in our Indian wars. 

The Cumberland River runs westward 
and southward through the county, and 
with its various tributaries waters and 
drains the county. There are no naviga- 
ble streams in the county, though the 
Cumberland is used for rafting and flat- 
boating during the high-water season. 
The county has an abundance of oak, 
beech, and pine, which are most valuable 
hardwood timbers. 

There are no turnpikes in Harlan County. 
There are no railroads in the county. 



Though the surface of the county is 
very bold, rugged, and mountainous, the 
soil is very fertile and produces well. 
Corn, wheat, oats, and hay are produced 
in sufficient quantities for home con- 
sumption, but none for market else- 
where. The labor of the farm is per- 
formed by native whites. The people 
are industrious, honest people, and as 
the bloody feuds which at one time 
disturbed the peace of the county have 
been settled, the county is now as 
quiet and as peaceful as any in the 
State. The Presbyterians have estab- 
lished a church at Harlan Court House, 
and have erected a nice, substantial 
church building. The school facilities of 
the county are furnished by the common 
school system. 

Harlan Court House, the county seat, 
is situated in the western part of the 
county, and is a thriving town with good 
churches, schools, business houses, and 
comfortable residences. 



HARRISON COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 19,838, County Seat, Cynthiana. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Eighteenth Judicial, 
Thirtieth Senatorial, and Seventy-sixth 
Legislative Districts. 

Harrison County was formed in 1793 
out of parts of Bourbon and Scott coun- 
ties, and named after Colonel Benjamin 



Harrison, who was at the time a repre- 
sentative from Bourbon County in the 
Kentucky Legislature. 

From the original territory of Harrison 
portions have been taken to help form 
Campbell, Pendleton, Boone. Robertson, 
Grant, Kenton, and Owen counties. 



68 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



It is situated in the north middle section 
of the State, lying on both sides of South 
Licking River. The county is well watered 
and drained by Main Licking and South 
Licking rivers, and their numerous tribu- 
taries. 

About one half of the county is gently 
undulating, rich, and very productive: the 
other portion, hilly, and also quite pro- 
ductive. 

There are no longer any extensive tim- 
ber resources in this county. In recent 
years diversified farming has been made 
very profitable, both by private enterprise 
and co-operative capital. Corn, wheat, 
and tobacco are the principal products. 
The county has always been famous for 
the production of whisky. 

There are no navigable streams in 
Harrison County, and none capable of 
being made so. The county has over 
300 miles of free turnpike, and the fiscal 
court has recently let contracts for the 
construction of additional pikes. A bond 
issue of §50,000 has been voted for the 
purchase of all pikes in the county. 

There are about twenty-five miles of 
completed railroad in the county, the 
Kentucky Central branch of the L. & N. 
running for the most part along the banks 
of South Licking, and the Cincinnati 
Southern through a small section of the 
western part of the county. 

Most of the labor employed in the 
countv is unskilled labor, farm liands 



receiving an average of thirteen dollars 
per month. 

Cynthiana, the county seat, was estab- 
lished December 10, 1793, and named in 
honor of Cynthia and Anna, two daugh- 
ters of the original proprietor, Robert 
Harrison. It is situated on l)oth sides of 
South Licking River, thirty-three miles 
from Lexington and si.xty-five from 
Cincinnati, being connected with both 
cities by railroad. Its present popula- 
tion is estimated at 4,000. Its busi- 
ness men are of the most substantial 
character and well known for enterprise 
and thrift. A Commercial Club has been 
organized to advance the interest of the 
city. 

The Cynthiana High School was organ- 
ized thirty years ago and is a continu- 
ation of Harrison Academy, which was 
chartered in 179S and opened in 1804. 
Several good private schools have always 
e.xisted, making Cynthiana's educational 
facilities equal to those of any town in 
Kentucky. She was the pioneer in the 
establishment of a first-class graded 
school. The public schools of the county 
are in fine condition. The State fund is 
supplemented in some districts by local 
taxation and subscription. The county has 
always aided liberally in public improve- 
ments, the bonded indebtedness being 
now SioOjOOO, and the rate of tax- 
ation for county purposes fifty cents on 
the Sioo. 



HART COUNTY 

Population (Census igoo), 1S.390. County Seat, Munfordsville. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Thir- 
teenth Senatorial, and Thirty-third 
Legislative Districts. 

Hart County is located in the western 
central portion of the State, its north- 
ern boundary line being only sixty miles 
south of Louisville, on the line of the 



Louisville & Nashville Railroad. It was 
formed out of portions of Barren and 
Hardin counties, and established by an 
act of the General Assembly approved 
January 28, 1819. It was named in 
honor of one of Kentucky's most dis- 
tinguished pioneers. Captain Nathaniel 
Hart. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



69 



The topography of Hart is far from 
uniform, embracing considerable level 
land and much that is broken and undu- 
lating, interspersed with numerous hills 
and knobs. 

The soils of the county, of which every 
class and variety may be found, are 
exceedingly fertile and productive, yield- 
ing abundant harvests of grains, grasses, 
fruits, and vegetables, and are unsur- 
passed for the production of fine tobacco. 
While much of the timber of the county 
has been cleared away, there is yet in 
some sections considerable timber. The 
growth consists of the different species of 
oak, ash, hickory, walnut, poplar, beech, 
and wild cherry. 

Green River is the only river of any 
considerable size in the countj'. Nolynn 
River is the next in size, but neither of 
these is large enough to be available for 
navigation without the aid of locks and 
dams. These streams, with their numer- 
ous tributaries, furnish water and drainage 



in all sections of the county. The 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad has over 
twenty-six miles of road in the county, 
running through the center from north to 
south. The county has about fifty miles 
of free turnpike road. 

Excellent schools, colleges, and churches 
are located in all parts of the county. 

For farm work, good reliable laborers 
are paid from S15 to §iS per month with- 
out board, and from S12 to S14 with 
board. For other classes of labor prices 
vary from $15 to §2 5 per month. 

Munfordville, the county seat, is pleas- 
antly situated upon a high elevation 
overlooking Green River. It is seventy- 
two miles south of Louisville; has a 
population of 600, with three churches, 
two white and one colored, a good public 
school building, modern court house and 
public offices, a bank, weekly newspaper, 
and a good system of water-works. It is 
the principal shipping point for the section 
lying north of Green River. 



HENDERSON COUNTY 

Population (Census igoo), 32,907. County Seat, Henderson. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
First Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fifth Sen- 
atorial, and Thirteenth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Henderson County was formed out of 
Christian County in 1798, was organ- 
ized June 4, 1799, and was named in 
honor of Judge Henderson, more com- 
monly known as Colonel Richard Hender- 
son. It is situated in the southwestern 
part of the State on the Ohio River. 
Green River runs along its eastern and 
northern border for a considerable length. 
Both streams are navigable for steamboats 
at all seasons of the year. The bottom 
lands along these rivers embrace many 
thousands of acres, the soil of which is 
extremely fertile, producing corn and 
tobacco and other crops in enormous 



(|uantities. In the production of corn, 
wheat, and tobacco, Henderson County 
ranks among the foremost of the State. 
The soil is well adapted to the growth of 
all the cereals known to this latitude, the 
uplands comprising about three fourths of 
the area of the county, besides being well 
adapted to agriculture and fruit culture. 
There is an abundance of timber, and 
while there is a very great variety, oak, 
ash, hickory, poplar, and gum largely 
predominate. There is a great disposition 
of late to diversified farming, it proving 
much more profitable and safer to the 
ordinary farmer. This mode of farming, 
taken in connection with the milling and 
manufacturing industries, gives employ- 
ment the year round to all the laborers 
of the county at remunerative prices.' 



ro 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



Farm labor commands from $12 to Si 5 
per month, with board, the year round. 
The cropping system is very much in vogue. 

The county has about thirty miles of 
free turnpike. 

Henderson, the county seat, has a popu- 
lation of 15,000; excellent facilities for 
transportation by rail and water; an excel- 
lent system of public graded schools; ele- 
gant churcties,of all denominations; beauti- 
ful residences; electric light, gas, and 
water-works; broad, well-made streets and 
sidewalks; twenty-two tobacco stemmeries, 
two cigar and two tobacco factories, two dis- 
tilleries, a brewery, box factory, ice and 
cold storage plant, three grain elevators, 



woolen, flouring, and planing mills, furni- 
ture factory, foundry, hominy mill, har- 
ness and saddle factories, and a number 
of other minor manufacturing concerns; 
five banks, a large number of elegant 
stores and business houses in all lines of 
trade; telephone exchange, three railroads, 
electric street railway, and numerous other 
advantages which can not be mentioned on 
account of limited space. It is sufficient 
to say, however, that Henderson is in 
every way a prosperous, up-to-date city. 
The county has good schools and 
churches in every section, and several 
progressive, wide-awake small towns, 
doing a substantial business. 



HEKRY COUNTY 



PopuL.-iTioN (Census 1900), 14,620. County Seat, New Castle. 



Situated in the Seventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twent}'- 
first Senatorial, and Fifty-fourth Legisla- 
tive Districts. 

Henry County was formed in 179S out 
of Shelb}-, and was named in honor of 
Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. 

The land is generally rolling, and along 
water-courses quite liilly. The eastern 
part, for more than twenty miles, lies 
along the Kentucky River. 

The Little Kentucky runs through the 
western side of the county, and Dren. 
non's Creek runs through the central por- 
tion and empties into the Kentucky River 
near the famous Drennon Springs, which 
were at one time a noted health resort. 

The character of the soil varies — some 
very rich and productive — producing in 
abundance al! of the best products grown 
in the State. A large portion of the hill 
land is rich, and produces as fine quality 
of tobacco as is grown in the Burley dis- 
trict; none so inferior that it can not be 
made good pasture land. These lauds 
are located along the "fruit line," and 
■produce as fine apples, peaches, and 



pears as are to be found anywhere. The 
bottoms along the river have been grow, 
ing corn for 100 years, and are still very 
productive. Sonie splendid homes are 
seen along these bottoms. At one time 
Henry County was one of the largest 
corn-producing counties in the State, and 
fattened thousands of hogs annually. 
Now, corn, wheat, and tobacco are exten- 
sively grown, tobacco the principal crop. 
Herds of cattle and sheep are increasing, 
and can be made profitable owing to 
abundance of pasture lands. Farm labor is 
paid from Jio to Si 5 per month, with 
board. 

The timber of the county consists of 
oak, walnut, hickory, beech, locust, and 
sugar-tree. 

The Louisville & Xashville Short Line 
and the Louisville & Lexington railroads, 
together with the Kentucky River, iurnish 
excellent transportation facilities through- 
out the county. 

There are over 400 miles of roads, 220 
of which are macadam. They are main- 
tained by taxation, toll system, and the 
common State laws for road-working 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



71 



under overseers. Many good schools and 
churches are located in different parts of 
the county. 

New Castle, the county seat, is one 
among the oldest towns in the State. 
Some of the old landmarks remain, giving 
proof of age. New Castle has a fine 



court house, beautiful residences, and 
a number of substantial business houses, 
doing a good business. 

Eminence, Smithfield, Pleasureville, 
Pendleton, Sulphur, and Turner's Sta- 
tion are a few of the most important and 
thriving towns. 



HICKiMAN COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 11,745. Cou.n'ty Seat, Clinton. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
First .Appellate, First Judicial, First Sen- 
atorial, and First Legislative Districts. 

Hickman County, which formerly em- 
braced all of the territory of Ballard, Car- 
lisle, and Fulton counties, was organized 
by an act of the legislature in 1822, and 
was named in honor of Captain Paschall 
Hickman, of Virginia. 

Tfie general face of the county is undu- 
lating, broken at intervals by hills and 
valleys. The soil is very fertile, and pro- 
duces abundant crops of corn, wheat, to- 
bacco, and vegetables of all kinds, espe- 
cially potatoes. 

Considerable timber of varieties usually 
grown is found in different parts of the 
county. 



Clinton, the county seat, a progressive 
little city with a population of 2,000, on 
the Illinois Central Railroad, is in the cen- 
ter of the best farming section of the 
county, and has two excellent colleges, a 
§25,000 court house, a fine system of 
water-works, two churches, good common 
schools, a fine new flouring mill and eleva- 
tor, beautiful homes, and a number of 
progressive business houses and manufac- 
turing concerns. 

Besides Clinton, there are several other 
good business and manufacturing towns 
m the county, among which are Columbus, 
Moscow, Oakton, Spring Hill, Beelertown, 
Croley, Cypress, Bugg, Hal well, Stubbs, 
and Fulgham. Good cfiurches and schools 
are located in all parts of the county. 



HOPKINS COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 30,995. County Seat, Madisonville. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
First Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Si.xth 
Senatorial, and Eleventh Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Hopkins County was formed out of a 
part of Henderson County by an act of 
the legislature in i8o5, and was named in 
honor of General Stephen Hopkins. 

The surface of the county is in some 
places rough and hilly, but most of it 



generally undulating. The soil is produc- 
tive, on which are grown tobacco, wheat, 
oats, rye, potatoes, sorghum, and all kinds 
of garden vegetables. Fruits, such as 
apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, all 
kinds of berries, etc., are produced in 
abundance. 

Hopkins County is a fine agricultural 
district. Nearly everything that can be 
grown in the State of Kentucky can be 



72 



C O M M E R C I A L C K O W T 1 1 



produced fioni its soil. Tobacco is the 
leading staple. There are less than a 
dozen counties in the world that prochicc 
more pounds of tobacco than Hopkins 
County. 

Oak, walnut, ash, poplar, hickory, and 
many other kinds of timber that are valu- 
able abound in the forests along the 
streams. It is estimated that there are 
over one huudred different kinds of tim- 
ber growing in this county. 

The coal fields of Hopkins County are 
almost inexhaustible. More than one 
fourth of the coal mined in the State of 
Kentucky is taken from the mines of this 
county. The St. Bernard Company, of 
which Mr. John B. Atkinson, a fine busi- 
ness man and successful financier, is the 
president, with headquarters at Earling- 
ton, has three large mines, one at Earl- 
ington, one at Morton's Gap, and one at 
St. Charles. There is the Hecla, near 
Earlington, the Ilsey mines, the Carbon- 
dale mines, the Stull mines, the mines at 
Barnsley, and two at Madisonville, the 
Rienecke and the Monarch. All these 
mines are in a prosperous condition. The 



yearly output is more than jo, 000,000 
bushels. 

The St. Bernard Company also operates 
extensive coke works at Karlington. 

The county has sixty-four miles of rail- 
road, operated by the Louisville & Nash- 
ville and the Illinois Central systems. 
There are no turnpikes in the county. 
There are in the county about one hundred 
and twenty public schools for white and 
colored pupils; these, in addition to sev- 
eral private schools at Madisonville, fur- 
nish excellent facilities for education. 

The county owes but a small debt, and 
it will be but a few years until that is paid. 
The county tax is only 50 cents on the 
Si 00 worth of property. 

Madisonville, the county seat, is near 
the center of the county, in a fine agricul- 
tural district: a city of the fourth class, 
with a population of over 4,000. It is on 
the Henderson Division of the L. & N. 
Railroad, fiftj' miles south of Evansville, 
Ind., and 107 miles north of Nashville, 
Tenn. It is one of the most progressive 
towns in this portion of the State. It lias 
good churches and schools. 



J A C K S O N C O I' X T Y 
Population (Census 1900), 10,561. County Seat, McKee. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, 
and Seventeenth Senatorial Districts. 

Jackson County, named in honor of 
Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the 
Uuited States, was formed April, 1S58, 
out of parts of Clay, Laurel, Rockcastle. 
Madison, Estill, and Owsley counties, and 
lies in the southeast central part of the 
State. 

The headwaters of the Kentucky and 
Cumberland rivers find their source in this 
county. The main water-courses of the 
county are: Terill's Creek, Moore's Creek, 
Pond Creek, Laurel Fork, Indian Creek, 
Horse Lick, South Fork, Middle Fork, 



War Fork, and Cavenaugh Fork of Sta- 
tion Camp Creek. None of these streams 
are navigable. 

The character of the soil is so varied tliat 
it is suited to most all crops, the principal 
ones of which are corn, wheat, oats, to- 
bacco, potatoes, fruits, etc. 

The county at one time before settle- 
ment presented an unbroken forest of fine 
timber, fully 70 per cent of which still 
remains. The principal growth is white 
oak, poplar, and pine. Other kinds of 
timber are the various species of oak, 
pine, beech, linden, hickory, buckeye, 
cedar, maple, birch, sugar-tree, walnut, 
gum. chestnut, etc. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



73 



No other county in the State has finer 
or better fields of mineral lands than Jack- 
son, comprising coal, which is as yet but 
little mined, iron, copperas, saltpetre, oil, 
building stones, clays, etc. 

Jackson County has sixty-eight public 
schools, and can boast of the best school 
houses of any county in the State. The 



county is well supplied with churches. 
McKee, the county seat, is a small town 
situated in the center of the county be- 
tween four hills on " Indian " Creek, about 
one mile above where tradition says the 
Boone and Calloway girls were rescued by 
their gallant lovers July 17, 1776, some- 
thing of which every one knows. 



JEFFERSON COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 232,549. Countv Seat, I^ouisville. 



Situated in the Fifth Congressional, 
Fourth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, 
Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, and Thirty- 
eighth Senatorial, P'orty-fourth, Forty- 
fifth, Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Forty- 
eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and Fifty- 
first Legislative Districts. 

Jefferson County, named in honor of 
Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Vir- 
ginia, was established by the legislature 
of Virginia, May i, 1780. It was one 
of three counties formed of the old 
County of Kentucky, which had, by a 
similar eliminating process, been made 
out of the then County of Fincastle, in 
1776. Fincastle County disappeared when 
Kentucky County was carved out of it, 
and Kentucky County, in turn, passed out 
of existence when Jefferson and the other 
two counties, Lincoln and Fayette, were 
carved out of it. There were in the whole 
of old Kentucky County 26,408,320 
acres, and of these Jefferson got about 
5,000,000, while Lincoln and Fayette 
secured the rest. Eighteen counties, 
having an aggregate territory of 3,71-, ,018 
acres, were carved out of Jefferson be- 
tween 1784 and 1848. But besides these 
eighteen new counties there were twelve 
other counties partly made up from it. 

The county of Jefferson, as it now 
stands, has 233,206 acres. Except in the 
eastern and southern portions, where hills 
and knobs occur, its surface is generally 
level and well watered bv Beargrass 



Creek, Floyd's Fork, and Pond Creek. 
Besides Louisville, the chief city of the 
State, it contains some of the oldest vil- 
lages, such as Jeffersontown and Middle- 
town. 

Jefferson County may be said to have 
begun its political existence on March 7, 
1781, when its first county court was 
held in the old fort at the foot of Twelfth 
Street. There is no reliable record of the 
names of the justices who held this first 
court, but they are believed to have been 
William Pope, John Floyd, George 
Slaughter, Isaac Cox, and Andrew Hines. 
Richard Chenowith was sheriff. 

There is a variety of soils in Jefferson 
County, some quite poor, and some as 
fine as can be found in the State. Almost 
all the land within six miles of Louisville is 
devoted to market-gardening, and Jefferson 
County likely produces more of what is 
known as second crop potatoes than are 
produced in any other section. Enormous 
quantities of main crop potatoes (or first 
crop), onion seed, onion sets, and onions 
are grown extensively throughout the 
county. The territory lying from eight to 
fourteen miles from the citj- is largely 
devoted to fruit-growing and truck-garden- 
ing. The small-fruit industry is verj' 
extensive, and no place in the world raises 
finer berries than those grown in the Mid- 
dletown, Jeffersontown, and Fern Creek 
region. Strawberries were grown at Fern 
Creek in i8gg, and exhibited in Louis- 



74 



C (^ M M K K C I A 



G R(nVTH 



ville, seven of which wuuUi fill a ijiiart 
box. Fanning proper is carried on iiuite 
extensively in a large portion of the 
county. Magnificent corn and wheat 
lands are found along Beargrass Creek, 
Pond Creek, Floyd's Fork, and other sec- 
tions, while in the southern part of the 
county more attention is paid to early 
corn and hay. 

The people have splendid facilities for 
transportation of their products in every 
direction, as there are no less than ten 
great railroads centering in Louisville, the 
county seat of the county. There has 
also been built within the last year the 
Louisville, Anchorage & Pewee Valley 
Electric Railroad, and in addition to the 
railroads they have the Ohio River. 
There are a number of turnpikes in the 
county which have been built and operated 
as toll roads which are now free. The 
militia system of working of the county 
roads was abandoned years ago, and all 
roads are worked by taxation. 

Timber is becoming very scarce, and 
remains only in most part on the rough 
and glady parts of the county. The timber 
growth of the county has been mainly 
oak, poplar, walnut, hickory, ash, elm, 
and beech. There are several excellent 
quarries of building stone, and quite a 
number of brick and tile works. Farm 
labor, both white and black, is laigely 
emploved, and wages average about Si 5 



per montli, with board, or S i per day, 
without board. 

In Jefferson County are numerous relics 
of the pioneer period. At Mulberry Hill, 
on the Poplar Level Road, stands the two- 
story double log house, built in 1S74 by 
John Clark, the father of General George 
Rogers Clark, and at Locust Grove, on 
the Ohio, may be seen the old-style solid 
brick mansion house built by Colonel Wil- 
liam Croghan in 1709. In the family 
graveyard here the remains of General 
Clark reposed from 18 18 to i86g, when 
they were re- interred in Cave Hill Ceme- 
tery. On Heargrass Creek are the sites of 
six original forts: Spring, Floyd's, Dutch, 
Sturgis. Sullivan's, and Linn's, which 
sheltered so many pioneers from the 
Indians, and where lie in unknown graves 
the remains of men and women who 
helped to lay the foundation of the State 
of Kentucky. On the bank of Long Run, 
a branch of Ford's Fork, stood Hugh's 
Station, where the grandfather of Presi- 
dent Lincoln was killed in 1788, and on 
the same stream was routed the little army 
of Colonel Floyd, who went to the relief 
of Boone's Station in 17S1. On Cheno- 
weth's Run yet stands the stone spring- 
house in which the survivors of the mas- 
sacre of the Chenoweth family took refuge 
in 1789. The ground itself of Jefferson 
Count}' in many places is hallowed by 
recollections of the past. 



JESS.VMINE COUNTY 

PopiL.vTio.N (Censis igoo), 11,925. County Sk.^t, Nicmoi.asvili.e. 



Situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, 
Twenty-second Senatorial and Sixty-third 
Legislative Districts. 

The act creating Jessamine County was 
passed in the Kentucky Legislature Feb- 
ruary 14, 1797, but took no effect until 
August, 1798. Previous to this it was a 
part of Fayette County. Col. John Price, 



who had been tlie first to urge upon the 
people the necessity of forming a new 
county, was the first representative, and 
was repeatedly elected to that position, 
and was a delegate from Jessamine County 
to the convention that formed the second 
Constitution of Kentucky in 1799. To 
Col. Price belongs the honor of giving to 
Jessamine County her name, and the name 



STATE OF K E N T U C K V 



75 



was suggested to hitn liy that flower f;rov/- 
ing in such profusion in portions of the 
county. Tlie story related by Collins in 
his history of Kentucky, and repeated 
since in other publications, that the county 
was named for Miss Jessamine Douglas, a 
young girl killed by the Indians in lySy, is 
a romance pure and simple. 

The boundary of Jessamine, east, west, 
and soutfiwest, on tfie Kentucky River, is 
very irregular, as the river has many bends 
of considerable length, making a boundary 
line of water ninety-two miles. Jessamine 
County has no navigable streams, 

Hickman, Jessamine, and Marble creeks 
each afford water for propelling mills and 
factory machinery, and several large flour- 
ing mills are located on each. There are 
thirty-six miles of railroad, made up of 
sections of the Cincinnati Southern, run- 
ing across the county from north to south, 
and of the Louisville Southern, known as 
the Richmond, Nicholasville, Irvine & 
Beattyville Road, which crosses the county 
west to east. 

Jessamine is decidedly a stock-raising 
county, combined with agriculture, which 



constitutes a jiroiitable adjunct to stock 
raising. Nicholasville, the county seat, 
is an enterprising, up-to-date town of 
3,000 inhabitants, in the center of the 
county. It can be reached by six differ- 
ent pikes and two railroads, the Q. & C. 
and the Louisville & Atlantic. It has 
two lumber yards, a large saw mill, a 
iirst-ciass furniture store, two telephone 
exchanges, two newspapers and job offices, 
three banks, two tobacco factories, §20,000 
hotel, two hemp factories, grain elevator, 
splendid graded school, Jessamine Female 
Institute, public library, and §30,000 be- 
queathed for a public library, which will 
insure one of the finest in the State: train- 
ing track, steam laundry, carriage factory, 
bakery, two clothing stores, three elegant 
dry goods stores, three shoe stores, a 
jeweler, gents' furnishing establishment, 
two hardware stores, about fifteen grocer- 
ies, four livery and feed stables, a flouring 
mill, three millinery and notion stores, 
Noah's ark, three meat shops, a planing 
mill, three drug stores, water-works, well- 
paved streets, and a council that enforces 
good sanitary regulations. 



JOHNSON COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 13,730. County Seat, Paintsvili.e. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judi- 
cial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety- 
sixth Legislative Districts. 

Johnson County is situated in Central 
Eastern Kentucky, and was formed in 
1843 and named in honor of a distin- 
guished son of Kentucky, Colonel Richard 
M. Johnson. The county is well watered 
and well drained. The Big Sandy River 
flows through the eastern part of the 
county. Faint Creek flows in a south- 
eastern direction through the central part. 
Paint, Tom's and John's creeks are the 
principal creeks, though there are numer- 
ous others. 



The soil of Johnson County is probably 
as good, if not better, than that of any 
other county in Eastern Kentucky, and is 
very strong and productive. The bottom 
lands along the numerous streams are as 
fertile as can be found anywhere. 

Corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, tobac- 
co and sorghum are all raised, but only in 
(|uantities sufficient for home consumption, 
excepting tobacco and sorghum, and es- 
pecially is the latter raised in large quan- 
tities for market. Fruits grow well in the 
county. The labor of the county is per- 
formed mostly by native whites, farm 
hands being paid from gio to $15 per 
month and Iioard. wliile hands for timber- 



7^ 



C ».> M M E K Cl A 1. G K O W T H 



ing receive from SiS to $jo. Timber is 
the principal pi"oduct of the county. Por- 
table saw nulls are fouuil all over the 
county in the great timber belts. Toplar. 
ash. hickoiy, beech, oak, pine, locust, 
chestnut, and sycamore can be found in 
large tracts and may Ihj had at very reason- 
able prices. 

The county is well underlaid with coal, 
both canuel and bituminous, and the 
snpplv is practically inexhaustible. Wins 
of bituminous coal eight feet in thickness 
are found. 

.\ caunel coal mine is in operation 
about four miles south of Paintsville. 
Iron ore of a superior quality is also 
found in some portions of the county. 
The countv is rich in mineral and tim- 
ber. 

The Big Sandy Kiver is navigable for 
steamers for about two thirds of the year. 



There are no turnpike roads in the county. 
There are only about four miles of com- 
plete railroad in the county, which is an 
extension of the O. & B. S. Railroad to 
Myrtle, in Johnson, and is located in the 
eastern part of the county. 

Good churches are found throughout 
the county everywhere, and the common 
schools are iu good condition, .-VII the 
districts have good and comfortable school 
houses. 

Paintsville, the county seat, is situated 
on Paint Creek, just a little southeast of 
the center of the county. It is a flourish- 
ing town with enterprising merchants, good 
church buildings, and live congregations: 
has good gmded schools and good, new- 
school buildings, with ample accommoda- 
tions. Hotel acconunodatious are good, 
and the citizens are quiet and law-abiding, 
and hospitable to straugers. 



KENT O X C O L" N T V 



PorrLATiON (^Cessi's 1900), 63.591, County Seat, Independenxe, 



Situated in the Sixth Congressional, 
Sixth .Appellate, Sixteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-fourth Senatorial and Eightieth, 
Eighty-first, and Eighty-second Legislative 
Districts, 

Kenton County was separated from 
Campbell in 1840, It lies in the extreme 
uortheru part of the State, at the mouth 
of the Licking River, It is a narrow 
countv, being about six to twelve miles 
wide and about twenty-five miles long. 

The county is noted for the grandeur 
and beauty of its natural sceneiy. The 
bluffs overlooking the Licking River pre- 
sent one of the finest views in the State, 
and the heights back of Covington look 
down on half a dozen cities, a number of 
towns, and five monster bridges spanning 
the Ohio and two over the Licking. 

The fertile valleys of Kenton are market 
gardens for this population, and this in- 
dustrj-, together with the growing of small 



fruits and berries, gives employnient to a 
large part of the population. 

Wheat, corn, and tobacco are exten- 
sively grown on the highlands and rich 
hillsides. Butter and milk dairies are 
numbered by the hundred, and a large 
acreage of land is devoted to grass in 
order to supply this demand. .-Vll kinds 
of fruit grow well. Much attention is 
paid to growing strawberries, dewberries, 
raspberries, gooseberries, cun^ants, and 
blackberries, 

Kenton has no extensive timber tracts 
left. 

The Ohio, skirting the northern bonnd- 
ar\- for six or eight miles, and the Lick- 
ing in fair water form all the navigable 
water-courses. Black Lick Creek is the 
principal affluent of the Licking. There 
are numerous other small streams that 
give an excellent natural water supply 
for stock. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



n 



1\M&Ta are fifty-one milee of turnpike on 
which toll is taken at moderate rates, and 
one hcmdred and fifty-two miles of free 
turnpikes in the county. 

The county has about fifty-three miles 
of complete railroad. The K. C. Railroad 
runs the full lensjtli of the county on the 
eastern border, and the Cincinnati South- 
ern on the western. The L. & N, Short 
Line runs through the county about 
twenty rniles, from north-east to south- 
west. 

Laborers on the farms receive an 
avera((e price of 815 per month and 
board. The hands in the various factories, 
mills, etc., receive the usual wages, vary- 
ing with the general laws of supply and 
demand. 

Independence, a village of about 200 
inhabitants, is the county seat. The city 
of Covington is the metropolis, and there 



are virtually two seats of go\'ernrnent. 
Double sessions of all the courts are held. 
All the business of the first district is 
transacted at Independence, There are 
two court houses and two clerk's offices. 
The rest of the business, that within the 
city corporation, is transacted at Coving- 
ton. The county judge, circuit clerk, and 
county clerk appoint a deputy who takes 
charge of the Indeijeudence clerk's office. 
There are also two jails, the deputy serv- 
ing at Independence. 

The public schools in the county are in 
average condition, and the houses very 
good. Covington is noted for its excellent 
school system. Ludlow, Milldale, West 
Covington, Central Covington, and Erlanger 
have ten months' graded school. Coving- 
ton and Ludlow support free high schools. 
Independence has five months' free school, 
with two teachers. 



KNOTT COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900J, 8,704. County Seat, Hindmas. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judi- 
cial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety- 
seventh Legislative Districts. 

Knott County lies in the extreme eastern 
part of the State. It was formed out of 
parts of Perry, Floyd, Letcher, and 
Breathitt counties in .1884, and named in 
honor of the Honorable]. Proctor Knott, 
who was at that time the Governor of the 
State. 

The county is drained and watered by 
the Kentucky and Hig Sandy rivers and 
their numerous tributaries. The char- 
acter of soil is rich sandy loam, and the 
bottom lands along the many streams 
which traverse the county are peculiarly 
productive, raising magnificent corn, oats, 
and vegetables. Wheat is grown on the 
uplands, and also fine pastures are pro- 
duced there. Minerals, iron and coal, 
also oil and gas are known to exist in the 
county. 

The county has abundant forests of the 



finest and most valuable hardwood timber. 
The splendid poplar timber has about all 
been bought up and now is in the hands 
of a timber company, but other good tim- 
bered land in great quantities can be 
bought at an average price of 85 per acre. 

Diversified farming is not engaged in 
further than to meet domestic uses. 

There are no railroads, turnpikes, or 
navigable streams in the county. 

The character of labor employed in the 
county is mostly native white, farm hands 
getting S 13.00 a month, and hands for 
timber from 75 cents to $1.00 per day. 

There is one good college in the county, 
situated at Hindman, known as Hindman 
College; other educational facilities are af- 
forded solely through the common schools 
of the county. 

Hindman, the county seat of Knott 
County, a nice little village, named after 
Lieutenant-governor James R. Hindman, 
is situated a little southwest of the center 
of the county, on Troublesome Creek. 



C O M M E K C 1 A L O. K O W" T H 



K N <.^ X C O L" X r V 



Popi'u^TiON (Census 1900), 17.37a. County Se,\t, Bakikhrvillk. 



Situate*! in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Fifth Api->ellate, Twenty-seventh Juiiicial. 
Seventeenth Senatorial, and Sixty-ninth 
Legislative Districts. 

Knox^named in honor of Major-gexieral 
Heurj- Knox, of Revolutionary fame) 
became a county in 1799, l^eing in that 
year carved out of Lincoln, one of the 
laixest counties then composing the State 
of Kentucky. 

The village of Flat Lick, in the south- 
eastern part of the county, is the oldest 
settleuieut in Kentucky, having been 
peopled by the first of the eonigrauts from 
Virginia, who came thix»ugh Cumberland 
Gap ; the first house ever built in Kentucky 
was erected by Dr. Walker within the 
present limits of Knox, on the Cumberland 
River, about three miles below Barbour- 
ville. 

Knox lies on both sides of the divide 
separating the waters of the Kentucky 
River from those of the Cumberland, at 
least nine tenths of the county lying on 
the latter waters. Cumberland River offers 
fine sport to fishermen at certain seasons 
of the year. The topography of almost 
the whole county is a series of mountain 
ridges winding in all sorts of fantastic 
cur\es. and separated by long, narrow, and 
winding creek valleys. MoI^f than three 
fourths of the territon,- is steep mountain 
sides thickly coveretl with forests. 

The soil is disintegrated sandstone, 
except new ground, where the timber has 
lately been cleared away, which is loose. 



black soil, \-er\- puxluctive. .\griculturally 
Knox paxluces enough to fee<.l her own 
l>eople, no more. \Vool-gi\>wing is one of 
the princip«l sources of the fanner's 
income. 

The forests have I'leen strip|'>ed of the 
larger part of the more marketable timber, 
such as poplar and walnut, but a vast 
amount of timl>er is still left, such as oak 
in all v.^iieties. hickory, l>eech, chestnut. 
asl», dogwooii. sounvood, gum, maple, 
sugar-tree, elm, sycamore, lyun, ironwood, 
birch, cucuml>er, buckeye, service, willow, 
i^etlbud. cedar, holly, etc. The chestnut 
oak furnishes tlie Knox county land 
owner with, perhaps, his principal source 
of reveuue. Thousands of cords of this 
bark ai-e annually shippetl. But the great 
resources of Knox County are in her coal 
and oil fields, in which she may be fairly 
said to l>e unsurpassetl by any county in 
the State. .All grades of bituminous and 
cauuel coals are found in this couuty in 
great profusion. 

Knox was entirely without railroad 
facilities until iSSS, when the Cnmlierland 
Valley branch of the Louisville & Nash- 
ville Railroad was built through the county, 
and soon afterward completed tlirough 
the famous Cumberland Gap to Norton, 
Va. 

Barbour\-ille. the county seat, is a beau- 
tiful mountain town, with good schools, 
churches, and residences, and wide-awake, 
progressive business houses in several 
branches of trade. 



STATE OF KENTUCKV 



79 



I.AKUE COUNTY 
Population (Cesscs 1900;, 10,764. Coukty Seat, Hodge.nville. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Thir- 
teenth Senatorial, and Thirty-second 
Legislative Districts. 

Larue County was formed from a 
portion of Hardin County by an act of 
the legislature in 1842. Larue County 
is below the average in size, but in point 
of fertility of soil, the enterprise of its 
citizens, and its educational progress, it is 
above the average of Kentucky counties. 

The principal crops of I^arue County 
are corn, wheat, hay, and tobacco. Three 
branches of .N'olin Creek run through the 
county, and the farms along these branches 
are fertile and produce abundantly. The 
remainder of tlie farm land is compara- 
tively thin, but with the use of fertilizers 
it produces wheat almost as well as the 
better land. The live stock raised con- 
sists of horses, cattle, hogs, mules, and 
sheep. 

Larue County has two railroads — the 
Illinois Central, which has a branch road 
running from Cecilian Junction and termi- 
nating at Hodgenville, The main stem 
of the Louisville & Nashville runs through 
the west end of the county, and the Knox- 
ville branch of the same road crosses the 
eastern border. 

The Bardstown and Green River Turn- 
pike runs through the county from north 
to south, and a pike connects Hodgenville 



and Buffalo, on botli of which toll gates 
are yet maintained. 

The factories of the county consist of 
distilleries of J, M. Atherton & Co., at 
Athertonville, which are now the property 
of the Kentucky Distilleries and Ware- 
house Company, and are the largest in the 
State, five or six other distilleries of 
smaller capacity, the Hodgenville Spoke 
and f^umber Company, and the planing 
mills of Daugherty Bros., at Hodgenville. 

Hodgenville is the county seat. It is 
a town of 1,300 inhabitants, and is a 
clean, healthful, live country town, with 
increasing business. The other towns of 
the county are: Buffalo, Athertonville, 
Magnolia, Mt. Sherman, and Roanoke. 

TTiere are two splendid colleges in the 
county — Kenton College, at Hodgen\'ille, 
and East I^ynn College, at Buffalo, both 
of which are prosperous. Magnolia has 
a good high school. The district schools 
of the county are in good condition. 

Farm lands in the county vary in price 
according to location and improvement. 

Larue County contains the farm that is 
now noted as being the birthplace of 
Abraham Lincoln. It is situated three 
miles south of Hodgenville, and is now 
the property of New Vork capitalists. 
The cabin in which Lincoln was born has 
been removed to Central Park, New York 
City. 



LAUREL COUNTY 

POPL-LATIO.\ (CEKSUS I9OO), 17,592. COUXTY SeaT, LoSDON. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, 
and Seventeenth Legislative Districts. 

Laurel County is situated in the south- 
eastern part of the State, was formed in 
1826, and was named after the Laurel 



River, which flows through the southern 
portion of the county, the river having 
been given its name from the laurel shrub 
and evergreen which line the shores of 
that stream. The county is watered and 
drained by the Rockcastle River and its 



8o 



COMMERCIAL G R () W T H 



ti'ibutaiies. The soil of Laurel Counts- 
may be said in a general way to be neither 
good nor bad. It is excellent, much of it, 
for tobacco, and grows ver}' well all such 
vegetables as are grown in the State, and 
produces good grass. The surface of the 
county is very broken and rolling. It con- 
tains possibly the best coal fields in Ken- 
tuck}-, and many mines are now in active 
operation within the borders of the county. 
Iron ore has been discovered but has not 
yet been developed. Diversified farming 
is engaged in by the Swiss colonies in this 
county to a considerable extent; grapes 
and fruits of all kinds are raised in great 
abundance. Fine cheese is made by them, 
and many minor manufacturing industries 
engaged in. 

Good timber is still to be had in the 
county; about one fourth of the original 
area of woodland is still here. White and 
black oak, black pine, beech, chestnut, 
ash, and maple are still abundant. There 
are no water-courses in or bordering on the 
county that are navigable. There are no 



turnpikes in the county. There are twenty- 
nine miles of lailroad in the county, the 
Knox\-ille Branch of the Louisville & Nash- 
ville Railroad running entirely through the 
county nearly from north to south. 

Nearly any or all of the streams of 
Laurel County can be easily used for the 
purpose of propelling machinery. No 
county has water power more available 
than this one. The labor on farms is 
mostly performed by native whites, and 
good hands can be had for Sio to S15 per 
niontli with board. There are four flour- 
ishing Swiss colonies in Laurel County — 
Bernstadt, East Bernstadt, Langnau, and 
Strasburg. The school facilities are fur- 
nished by the common schools of the 
county. 

London, the county seat of Laurel 
County, is a flourishing little town, with 
enterprising business men, good hotels, 
schools, and churches, and is situated 
nearly in the exact center of the county, 
on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville 
& Nashville Railroad. 



LAWRENCE COUNTY 



PoPLLATioN (Census igoo), 19.612. County Seat, Louisa. 



In the Ninth Congressional, Seventh 
.Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, Thirty- 
second Senatorial, and Ninety-eighth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

Lawrence County was formed in 1S21 
from the portions of Floyd and Greenup 
counties, the dividing lines of those coun- 
ties at the time being Main Street, of 
Louisa. It is located in the northeastern 
part of the State. 

The county is well watered. The Big 
Sandy River flows along its eastern bound- 
ary from its northern limit to Louisa, 
where it forks. The river and its forks 
are navigable for steamboats for a large 
portion of the year. 

The principal streams, flowing into the 
Big Sandy and its tributaries and through 



and in the county, are Blaine, Bear, Rove, 
Rush, Two Mile, Lick Three Mile, Grif- 
fith's Contrary. George's, .Nat's, Donothan, 
and Rock Castle creeks. None of them 
is navigable. 

The surface of the county is largely 
hilly and broken, but not mountainous. 
There is, however, a large acreage of bot- 
tom land, owing to the numerous water- 
courses. 

All kinds of crops that can be grown 
successfully in the Central States can be 
grown here, and with as good returns. 
The principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, 
hay, potatoes, sorghum, tobacco, apples, 
peaches, pears, plums, small fruits, cow 
peas, and tufa beans. 

The adaptability of the land for grazing 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



8i 



purposes has stimulated the sowing of 
grass seed. 

An abundance of good cannel and bitu- 
minous coal, some iron ore, and a fine 
quality of lubricating oil are found in the 
county. 

The county has two railroads, which 
furnish transportation to almost every 
section. There are no turnpikes in the 
county. The labor of the county is 
mostly white, and receives S13 per month, 
with lioard. 

There are no colleges or academies iu 
the countv. but there is a great interest 



in the public schools, which are as good 
as any in the State outside of large cities. 
After the public schools close, subscription 
schools are opened in the thickly-settled 
districts. 

Louisa, the county seat, situated on the 
eastern boundary of the State and on the 
Big Sandy River, at the confluence of 
the Levisa and Tug forks, is a thriving 
town of a little over 1,000 inhabitants, 
with six churches, good graded schools for 
white and colored pupils, and a large num- 
ber of handsome residences and thriving 
business concerns. 



LEE COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 7,988. County Seat, Beattvville. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-third Judicial, 
Twenty-ninth Senatorial, and Ninety-sec- 
ond Legislative Districts. 

Lee County was formed in i86g, and 
named for General Robert E. Lee. It is 
situated in the eastern part of the State, 
at the junction of the three forks of the 
Kentucky River. The county is moun- 
tainous and is traversed by many streams. 
Besides the North, Middle, and South 
Forks of the Kentucky River, and the 
main river, it contains many large creeks, 
which are used to some extent and could 
be largely used as water power for vari- 
ous kinds of mills and factories. The 
Kentucky River is navigable to Beattyville 
for steamboats during six months in the 
year. The river and creek bottoms and 
corn land, of which there is a great deal, 
are very productive. The upland is thin, 
but loose and level and pleasant to culti- 
vate. The soil is adapted to all the grains, 
grasses, and other crops grown anywhere 
in Kentucky, but corn is almost the only 
crop grown in any quantity. The up- 
lands are wonderfully adapted to the or- 
chard. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, 
and all the small fruits, berries and melons, 



grow to perfection when properly cultiva- 
ted. The average price of farm labor is 
$13 per month, with board. 

About one third of the county is lime- 
stone land. In the northern part of the 
county is found a very rich ore, similar to 
the noted Red River iron ore. In the 
same part of the county is found a very 
fine cannel coal. In all parts of the 
county abundant bituminous coal in veins 
of from three to four feet abounds, some 
of which veins are being successfully 
mined. Near the eastern border of the 
county abundant surface oil is found. 

About two thirds of the area of the 
county is covered with timber, the best 
and most abundant for lumber being pine, 
oak, and poplar. 

There are no turnpikes in the county. 

The Lexington & Eastern railway trav- 
erses the northern and eastern parts of 
the county for a distance of twenty miles. 
The Beattyville & Cumberland Gap rail- 
road connects the Lexington & Eastern 
with the county seat, a distance of six 
miles. The Louisville & Atlantic has 
purchased the Richmond, Nicliolasville, 
Irvine & Beattyville Railroad, and also the 
Beattyville & Cumberland Gap. 



82 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



The county seat is Beattyville, located 
immediately on the Kentucky River, at 
the junction of the North, South, and Mid- 
dle Forks. It was named for Samuel 
Beatty. the original founder, and owner 
of the land on which the town is built. 
There is a handsome court house, situated 
in a beautiful maple grove, surrounded by 



a neat iron fence. Population about 
1,000. In addition to flourishing public 
schools all over the county, there is a 
graded school in Beattyville, also an acad- 
emy under the super\'ision of the Epis- 
copal church. 

There is no bonded indebtedness in the 
countv. 



LESLIE COUNTY 



Population (Censls igoo), 6,753. Cointy Seat, Hvdex. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judi- 
cial, Twenty-third Senatorial, and Xinety-- 
third Legislative Districts. 

Leslie County was formed out of parts 
of Clay, Perry, and Harlan counties in 
April, 187S, the one hundred and seven- 
teenth in the order of formation, and was 
named in honor of Governor Preston H. 
Leslie, then governor of Kentucky. The 
county is hilly, the soil on the river bot- 
toms is very fertile, the hillside lands are 
rough and steep 

The Middle Fork of Kentucky River runs 
the whole length of the county, from north 
to south. Cutshin, Greasy Fork, and 
Beech Fork are its largest confluents. 
All of them are navigable for rafts and 
flatboats, and afford ample water power 
for propellmg machinery. 

Like most of the mountain counties, its 
greatest wealth lies in its timber lands and 
its minerals, which are coal and iron ; is 
yet undeveloped, the coal veins ranging 
from three to six feet thick and of fine 
quality of cannel coal, found in many lo- 
calities in the county in veins ranging 
from two to three feet thick. The timber 
consists chiefly of poplar, ash, white oak, 



chestnut oak, hickory, beech, maple, and 
yellow pine; the poplar and white oak is 
exported from the county in large quanti- 
ties, floated down the river to the markets 
on the Kentucky River. At least ninety 
per cent of the total area of the county 
is well timbered. Land ranges in price 
from three to five dollars per acre. This 
being a mineral and mountainous region, 
the agricultural products of Leslie are 
consumed within the county, there being 
no surplus for export. 

The grasses best adapted to the soil are 
clover, timothy, red top. and orchard grass. 
The farming lands in the county are not 
improving, as the farmers have not as yet 
taken much interest in fertilizing either by 
grasses or otherwise. The population of 
the county is gradually increasing. There 
are eight grist and saw mills in the county, 
which supply the local market with lumber. 
There are as yet no railroads in the 
count)'. The county roads are in bad 
condition, and there is not much prompt- 
ness in keeping them up. 

Hyden. a pretty little mountain town, 
in the northwestern part of the county, 
with schools, churches, and several good 
business houses, is the county seat. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



LETCHER COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 9,172. County Seat, Whitesburg. 



In the Eleventh Congressional, Seventh 
Appellate, Twenty-sixth Judicial, Thirty- 
third Senatorial, and Ninety-seventh Leg- 
islative Districts. 

Letcher County is situated in the 
extreme southeastern part of the State. 
It was formed in 18 12 out of territorj' 
taken from Perry and Harlan counties, 
and was named in honor of Governor 
Robert P. Letcher. 

The surface of the county is mountain- 
ous, with narrow, fertile valleys between. 
Pine and Black mountains form part of 
the eastern and southern boundary, and 
these ranges present some of the grandest 
scenery on earth. 

The North Fork of the Kentucky River 
finds its source in the northeast, and 
traverses the county to the southwest. 
Other important streams are Rockhouse 
and Live Oak. These streams are not 
navigable for steamboats. 

The soil of the narrow valleys, coves, 
and most of the uplands is very rich, 
producing good j'ields of corn, oats, 
tobacco, clover, timothy, red top and 
other grasses. The various vegetables 
suited to this climate are successfully 
cultivated, being produced abundantly 
with little effort. This section is especiallv 
adapted to apple orchards. There are 



few places where the apple grows to such 
perfection in point of yield and flavor. 

Good veins of the finest coke and canuel 
coal are found in the hills of Letcher County . 

The forests of Letcher County seem 
almost inexhaustible in their supply of 
oak. chestnut, ash, hickory, poplar, maple, 
etc. The best walnut has generally been 
cut. 

Farming, stock raising and "logging" 
are the principal industries of the county. 
Logging is the most important, though a 
considerable number of cattle and sheep 
go to market annually. 

The character of labor in the county is 
exclusively native white, farm hands 
receiving fifty to seventy-five cents per 
day, ten to thirteen dollars per month, 
and at timbering fifty cents to one dollar 
per day, including board. 

Educational facilities are afforded prin- 
cipally by the public schools. There are 
sixty school districts in the county, all 
provided with good school houses and 
competent teachers. Other good schools 
are maintained at Whitesburg and Rock- 
house. There are over twenty churches 
in the county. 

Whitesburg, on the North Fork of the 
Kentucky River, near the center, is the 
countv seat. 



LEWIS COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 17,868. County Seat, Vanceburg. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth .Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, 
Thirty-first Senatorial, and Eighty-ninth 
Legislative Districts. 

Lewis County was organized April 27, 
1807, being then a part of Mason County. 



Lewis County lies in the form of a 
" watershed," about one half lying toward 
the southwest and the other half toward 
the northeast, the ' • Polar Flat" section 
being table-land and in a high state of 
cultivation: fruit grows in abundance and 



84 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



of the finest quality. The eastern portion 
is somewhat hilly and broken, but in the 
many small coves and on the hillsides 
grows the finest of tobacco and millet and 
sufjarcane. Along the water-courses and 
that portion lying on the Ohio River is to 
be found the very choicest and best lands, 
producing from forty to sixty bushels of 
corn per acre and every other grain and 
vegetable lu the same proportion. 

Timber is not so plentiful as it once 
was, but remains in sufficient quantities 
to meet all home demands. The principal 
varieties are oak, chestnut, poplar, sugar- 
tree, buckeye, and lynn or basswood. 

The industrial development of Lewis 
County is in rapid progress, as is evidenced 
by the number of portable saw and grist 
mills that have lately come in, as well as 
other steam machinery. 

The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad pass- 
ing along the entire river front of the 
Ohio, a distance of forty miles, a branch 
road from Stone City to Carter City, 
fifteen miles, and the Ohio for the same 
distance, navigable for ten months of the 



year, with over one hundred miles of 
good macadamized roads, furnish ample 
transportation facilities. 

The character of labor employed is 
principally native white. Farm hands 
get from twelve to sixteen dollars per 
month, with board, and day laborers from 
seventy-five cents to a dollar. 

The county has nearly one hundred 
schools for white and colored pupils, and the 
school houses will compare favorably with 
those of any of the surrounding counties. 

Vanceburg, the county seat, a thriving 
city of the fifth class, has in the last few 
years made remarkable progress not only 
in the increase in population, but in 
permanent and valuable improvements as 
well. Has a substantial brick court house, 
built at a cost of §25,000; fine hotels, 
with all the modern improvements and 
accommodations; five church buildings, 
twenty stores of all kinds, a lodge each of 
the Masonic, Odd Fellows, and Knights of 
Pythias; two large flouring and feed mills; 
three complete wagon and blacksmith 
shops. 



LINCOLN COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 17,059. County Seat, Stanford. 



Situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, 
Eighteenth Senatorial, and Sixty-sixth 
Legislative Districts. 

Lincoln County is one of the three 
original counties of the State; was made 
a county by an act of the Legislature of 
Virginia in the year 1780. It is located 
in Central Kentucky, one hundred miles 
southeast of Louisville, and about the 
same distance northwest of Cumberland 
Gap. The lands are high, rolling table- 
lands, fertile and productive, and splen- 
didly watered, Dick's River bounding and 
traversing the entire eastern portion, and 
the Hanging Fork of Dick's River the 



western portion. Buck Creek and Green 
River both rise near the center of the 
county and flow — Buck Creek south and 
Green River southwest. There are many 
smaller streams flowing from never-failing 
springs all through the county, .\bout 
two thirds or three fourths of the land in 
the county is of the best quality of lime- 
stone land, bluegrass growing sponta- 
neously. The principal crops are hemp, 
tobacco, corn, wheat, rye, and oats. ' 

The southern or mountainous portion 
of the county was originally covered with 
finest timber of oak, hickory, locust, 
walnut, and poplar. When cleared up 
it was only second-rate land, but is well 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



85 



adapted to growth of fruit, apples, 
peaches, pears, and, in fact, all varieties 
■of fruit, both large and small. 

There are in the county one hundred 
and sixty-two miles of macadam and 
gravel roads, maintained by a direct tax 
■of twenty-five cents on the one hundred 
■dollars of the taxable property. There 
are three hundred and seventy-five miles 
■of county dirt roads, maintained partly by 
taxation and partly under militia system. 
There are two railroads through the 
■county, the Louisville & Nashville run- 
ning east and west, a distance of twenty- 
three miles in the county, and the Cincin- 
nati Southern running north and south a 
■distance of twenty-two miles, and the 
Kentucky Central from Stanford east- 
ward, a distance of five miles. 

Incorporated towns are Stanford, Row- 
land, Crab Orchard, and Hustonville. 

Stanford, the county seat, is situated 
■on the Knoxville f^ranch of the Louisville 
■& Nashville Railroad. In 1786, Benjamin 



Logan, for a considerable sum of money, 
deeded to the justices of the peace of 
Lincoln County a tract of twenty-six 
acres of land for a town site. In 1803, 
trustees of the town of Stanford, having 
been elected or appointed, had the tract 
laid off into thirty-eight town lots. The 
corporate limits have been extended 
from time to time, now being three- 
quarters of a mile square from the court 
house. 

The town is watered by a good system 
of water-works from the Old Fort springs 
and other good springs, less than one 
half mile from the town. It is also 
lighted by electricity, generated by the 
machinery of the water-works and ice 
plant. Stanford contains five dry goods 
stores, ten hardware and grocery stores, 
three drug stores, two banks of a capital 
of one hundred thousand dollars each, two 
excellent flouring mills, and many other 
businesses. There are four white churches 
and three colored churches in the town. 



LIVINGSTON COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 11,354. County Seat, Smithland. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
First Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Third 
■Senatorial, and Seventh Legislative Dis- 
■tricts. 

Livingston County is situated in the 
■western part of Kentucky on the Ohio 
River, and was organized in the year 1798 
and named in honor of Robert R. Living- 
ston, one of the committee which drafted 
the Declaration of Independence. The 
■county has an area of about 325 square 
■miles. Beautiful hills and valleys make 
up the surface of the county. Cumber- 
land River flows across the county from 
■ east to west, and empties into the Ohio at 
Smithland, the county seat, giving the 
county about 118 miles of navigable 
streams in and bordering on it. There 
■are a large number of creeks in the coun- 



ty, which empty into the Ohio, Cumber- 
land, and Tennessee rivers, giving the 
county the most perfect water supply and 
drainage. The soil of the uplands is 
limestone and sandstone, the former being 
much more fertile than the latter. The 
bottom lands of the numerous rivers and 
creeks are very rich and productive. The 
second bottoms, which are not subject to 
overflow, are not so fertile, though they 
produce well and raise good crops of small 
grain, grasses, and fruits. 

There are found in the county baryta, 
native alum, kaolin, potter's and fire-clay 
and marl in abundance, besides the clays 
known as ochre. In the interior of the 
county are found tracts of good timbered 
land, several varieties of oak, hickory, 
poplar, elm, gum, ash, and walnut. The 



86 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



labor IS principally native white and 
colored, whose services can be obtained 
for Sio to $15 per month and board. The 
staple products of the Livingston County 
farm are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, 
hay, sweet and Irish potatoes, sorghum, 
melons, turnips, and fruits. Orchards 
along the Ohio River netted owners about 
$200 per acre in igoi, where they were 
well cared for by modern methods. All 
grasses grow well. This is a fine county 
for stock raising, and the raising and ship- 
ping of fine cattle is a leading industry in 
the county. There are no turnpikes in 
this countv, but the public roads are kept 
in good condition and are worked under 
the road laws of the State. Several good 



iron bridges have been constructed over 
the streams in the county. There are 
forty-eight conmion schools in the county 
for white children, six for colored, one 
academy, and two graded schools, making 
a total of fifty-seven. Thirty-eight 
churches furnish places of worship. The 
county is out of debt and on the high road 
to prosperit}'. 

A county farmer's club was organized 
in 1 90 1 and a successful institute held, 
much interest being manifested. 

Smithland, the county seat, is situated 
on the Ohio River in the southern part of 
the county, at the mouth of the Cumber- 
land. It is an enterprising town, with 
good churches and school houses. 



LOGAN COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 25,994. County Seat, Russellville. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Seventh Judicial, 
Ninth Senatorial, and Twentieth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Logan County was one of the first seven 
counties organized immediately after the 
admission of Kentucky into the Union as 
a State, being named in honor of General 
Benjamin Logan, a Revolutionary officer 
and distinguished pioneer and companion 
of Daniel Boone. 

Its principal streams are Clearfork, 
Mud River, and Wolf Lick Creek, whose 
waters find their way into Green River, 
and Whippoorwill Creek, Spring Creek, 
and Red River, which are tributaries of 
Cumberland River. There is a diversity 
of soils within its confines, which is well 
adapted to raising tobacco, wheat, and 
other cereals. 

The northern portion of the county was 
at one time very heavily timbered, but 
most of the finest has been cut. 

There are thirty miles of free turnpike 



and eighty-five miles of railroad in the 
county. 

Nearly all the streams in the county 
can be, and are to some extent, utilized in 
operating machinery, such as for furnish; 
ing power for mills, etc. 

The county is well supplied with flour 
ing mills and has one planing mill. 

There are within the county two col- 
leges, both located at Russellville ; one, 
Bethel College, is for boys and is under 
the control of the Baptist denomination; 
the other, Logan Female College, is under 
the control of the Methodists, both of 
which have an excellent faculty. The 
public schools of the county are for the 
most part in good condition, some of them 
being supplemented by district taxation in 
addition to the amounts received from the 
State. 

Russellville, named in honor of General 
Wm. Russell, a Revolutionary officer, is 
the county seat, being situated near the 
center of the county. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



87 



LYON COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 9,319. County Seat, Eddyvillr. 



Situated iii the First Congressional, 
First Appellate, Third Judicial, Third 
Senatorial, and Sixth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Lyon County was formed in 1834 out of 
the southwestern half of Caldwell. 

In the river bottoms there is a large 
amount of level land, of very fine soil. A 
large amount of the land is rolling in 
character, and while not producing as 
heavy crops as the river bottoms, yet, 
under high cultivation, produces well, the 
average farmers' production. Oats, 
sorghum, millet, timothy, redtop, clover, 
peas, potatoes, are grown in limited 
quantities, tobacco and corn being the 
principal and almost only exports of farm 
products. The whole county is well 
adapted to the growth of apples, peaches, 
pears, plums, all kinds of small fruits of 
this latitude. 

This county has long been noted for its 
fine timber, much of which is still stand- 
ing. It consists of oak, gum, poplar, elm, 
lynn, black and honey locust, black and 
white walnut, sycamore, and several smaller 
kinds. 

Some of the finest iron ore known can 
be found in this county, including blue 
hematite. Very fine limestone, much of 
it suitable for building, is found along the 
railroad and rivers. 

The Tennessee River flows along the 
western border, and is navigable the year 
around. The Cumberland flows through 
the county, and is navigable at all times 
except during long-continued drouths, and 
freezes. Livingston Creek, along the 
northern boundary, could be made navi- 
gable at slight expense. 



Eddy Creek, a few miles above Eddy- 
ville, affords a fine stream of water during 
even the dryest seasons. 

In many districts a "pay" school is 
conducted for three or five months after 
the public school is out, it holding five 
months. In each town is a high school 
ten months each year. 

Eddyville, the county seat, was 
founded in 1799, on the north bank of 
Cumberland River, forty-five miles from 
its mouth, one hundred and ninety miles 
from Louisville by the Illinois Central 
Railroad; is a flourishing town, and seat 
of the branch penitentiary, with a large 
brick roller mill, a bank, newspaper,, 
tobacco factory, two blacksmith shops, a 
full line of churches, ministers,- lawyers, 
physicians, stores, and hotels. 

Lamasco, ten miles southeast of Eddy- 
ville, founded in 1864, has two hundred 
inhabitants, two churches, Methodist 
E. South and Baptist, three physicians, 
two stores, two tobacco factories, two 
blacksmith shops, and a flourishing 
school. 

Kuttawa, one and one half miles below 
Eddyville, founded in 1880 or 1881 by 
Chas. Anderson, ex.governor of Ohio, lies 
on the Illinois Central Railroad and 
Cumberland River — a live, wide-awake 
town of 1,000 inhabitants. Has three 
churches, three lawyers, three physicians, 
five dry goods stores, seven groceries, 
three general stores, two hardware stores, 
one tobacco factory, one large spoke 
factory, four blacksmith shops, one 
jeweler and watchmaker, one large roller 
flouring mill, two hotels^ two saloons, one 
bank, and a fine high school. 



88 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



Mccracken county 

Population (Census igoo) 28.733. County Seat, Paducah. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
First Appellate, Second Judicial, Second 
Senatorial, and Fourth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

McCracken County is situated in the 
extreme western part of the State, only 
one county (Ballard) lying between it 
and the Mississippi River. 

It was organized in 1825 and named in 
honor of Captain Virgil McCracken, who 
was killed at the battle of River Raisin 
in 1813. The first county seat was Wil- 
mington, but was changed from there to 
Paducah m the early 50's. 

The county is generally level or rolling, 
there being no hills of any magnitude. 
The county is nearly equally divided 
between bottom and upland. The bot- 
toms, especially the river bottoms, are 
very fertile. The creek bottoms are well 
adapted to the growing of any of the 
crops that are raised in this section of 
the State, producing the finest quality of 
tobacco. The staple crops are corn, 
wheat, tobacco, oats, clover, tirnotliy, and 
stock " peas." 

The county is well watered by the Ohio 
and Tennessee rivers, which wash its 
shores on the north and east, and the 
numerous creeks that flow through its 
borders. In addition to these there are 
several lakes in the river bottoms that 
furnish fine stock water and abound in 
fish. There are no navigable streams 
flowing through the county. 

About one fourth of the county is in 
timber. 

The county has four railroads, all 
terminating at Paducah: the Paducah & 
Louisville branch of the Illinois Central, 
the Paducah & Memphis branch of the 
same system, the Paducah & North Ala- 
bama, and the Paducah, St. Louis & 
Chicago. These, with the Ohio and Ten- 



nessee rivers, with the Cumberland River 
only twelve miles from the junction of the 
Ohio and Tennessee, and the great Mis- 
sissippi only fifty miles below Paducah, 
gives the county the very best of shipping 
facilities, and competition between river 
and rail at all times insures low rates of 
transportation, both for freight and 
passenger traffic. 

The county has about sixty miles of 
free turnpike and over three hundred 
miles of good dirt roads. 

The labor of the county is principally 
native white and colored. The price 
ranges from S13 to S15 per month, with 
board. 

Excellent schools for both white and 
colored pupils are located in all parts of 
the county. Churches of all denomina- 
tions are numerous. There is hardly a 
neighborhood in the county that is not 
conveniently located to a good school or 
church. 

Paducah, the county seat, is situated 
on the west banks of the Ohio and Ten- 
nessee rivers, twelve miles below the mouth 
of the Cumberland River and fifty miles 
above the junction of the Ohio with the 
Mississippi. By a census just completed 
it has a population of 23,000. It is the 
fourth city in the State in population and 
the second in manufacturing and com- 
mercial enterprises. Its wholesale grocery 
trade is probably the largest of any city 
in the State, and its lumber plants and 
woodworking establishments are, some of 
them, among the largest in the country. 

The railroads have large shops located 
here that employ hundreds of skilled and 
unskilled mechanics, and their monthly 
pay-rolls run up into tens of thousands of 
dollars. As an evidence of Paducah's 
solid business standing, there has not been 
a single failure of any magnitude among 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



89 



its merchants or manufacturers for the 
last ten years. There is no finer location 
for the erection of manufactories of ahnost 
any kind in the whole State than Paducah, 
and its hospitable citizens extend a fiearty 
welcome to all good people who wish to 
•come and make a home among them. 
It is a good town, beautifully located, 



with fine streets, elegant church buildings, 
a splendid public school system, and a 
warm-hearted, generous, and sociable peo- 
ple. The public buildings take rank with 
the best in the State. The Padncah Uni- 
versity, which is completed, cost §75,000, 
and is one of the handsomest and best 
equipped school buildings in the State. 



McLean county 



Population (Census igoo), 12,448. County Se.\t, Calhoun. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Eighth 
Senatorial, and Seventeenth Legislative 
Districts. 

McLean County was organized in 1853- 
54, and named in honor of Alney McLean, 
■Circuit Judge, who resided in the adjacent 
county of Muhlenberg. It was formed 
out of parts of Daviess, Ohio, and 
Muhlenberg counties. 

The surface is undulating for the most 
part, the remainder level, with large and 
■occasionally overflowing bottoms along 
Green, Rough, and Pond rivers, all of 
which are rich and very productive. The 
soil is fine, deep, rich loam of grayish 
color, very fertile, which is well adapted 
to tobacco, as well as to all the cereals, 
grasses, and fruits. Perhaps all the 
grain, fruits, and grasses, as well as the 
products of good truck patches, grown in 
Kentucky are grown here in abundance. 
Large crops of the dark type of tobacco 
which is well known as the " Green River 
fillers and wrappers " are grown in the 
county. Below the surface in many places 
are richly imbedded, superior veins of coal 
and fire-clay. 



There remain scattered over the county 
large bodies of choice timber. The white 
oak, poplar, and walnut are mostly cut, 
yet there remains an abundance of beech, 
hickory, sycamore, elm, maple, and black 
oak along the numerous streams, all of 
the finest quality. Saw mills are engaged 
in converting the timber into lumber for 
shipment or home use. Large rafts of 
saw-logs are run, and an immense number 
of railroad cross-ties are being put on the 
banks of Green and Rough rivers for 
shipment. Excellent transportation facili- 
ties are furnished by rail and river at all 
seasons of the year. A large amount of 
capital is invested in the lumber business, 
and it may be said to be a leading industry. 

Excellent and well-equipped schools and 
good churches are located in all parts of 
the county. 

Calhoun, the county seat, is located 
near the center of the county on the 
northern bank of Green River, a healthful 
location, and one of the largest shipping 
points on the river. The citizens are very 
anxious and willing to lend a helping hand 
to any good man or men who will start 
manufactories. 



90 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



MADISON COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 25,607. County Seat, Richmond. 



Is situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, 
Twenty-ninth Senatorial, and Seventy- 
second Legislative Districts. 

Madison County was organized in 1786, 
and taken wholly from Lincoln County, 
one of the three original counties, and 
only six years after the subdivision of 
Kentucky County into the three counties 
aforesaid. It lies on the South Fork of 
the Kentucky River, Browning Creek 
forming the line on the east and Paint 
Lick on the west. The other creeks of 
importance are Muddy, Otter, Tates, and 
Silver, all named by Daniel and Squire 
Boone. 

Boonesborough, the iirst fort in the 
State, is in Madison County, and conse- 
quently the permanent settlement of the 
county dates back a century and a quarter. 

Timber of good quality is scarce. Some 
walnut and poplar remain, and there is a 
limited quantity of oak in various sections 
of the county. 

Its soil is a greater variety than any 
other county in the State. No finer blue- 



grass pastures can anywhere be found. 
Considerable attention is given to rais- 
ing vegetables and small fruits in some 
parts of the county, but the greater effort 
is exerted in the direction of fine horses, 
cattle, sheep, and hogs, which are the 
principal products of the county. 

There are about 200 miles of free turn- 
pike roads in the county. There are five 
railroads in the county, all of them enter- 
ing Richmond — one from Cincinnati, two 
from Louisville, one from Knoxville, and 
one from Eastern Kentucky. 

The public schools in the county are in 
good condition. In many districts the 
public money is supplemented by subscrip- 
tions and local taxation. The Caldwell 
High School, which receives the public 
money of the Richmond District, is mainly 
supported by taxation. 

Richmond, the county seat^ has two 
good, modern flouring mills, two planing 
mills, ice factory, laundry, telephone, 
electricity, gas, and water. 

Waco, Centerville, Berea, and Kirks- 
ville are all thriving towns. 



M A Cx O F F I N C O U N T Y 

Population (Census 1900), 12,006. County Seat, Salversville. 



Is situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-third Judicial, 
Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Ninety- 
second Legislative Districts. 

Magoffin County, located in the south- 
eastern part of the State, was formed by 
an act of the legislature in 1859, and 
named in honor of the governor who was 
serving at that time. 

The county is, for tfie most part, moun- 
tainous or hilly, but there are many wide 



and fertile bottoms in the valley of the 
Licking River. 

The principal water-courses of the coun- 
ty are the Licking River and its numerous 
tributaries. 

The soil of the county is of a sandy 
loam, which is very fertile and productive, 
being adapted to the raising of corn, 
wheat, oats, and tobacco, which are the 
principal crops. 

The timber of the county is very exten- 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



91 



sive and of many varieties, such as yellow 
poplar, black walnut, maple, oak, beech, 
pine, lynn, ash, and chestnut. 

Anthracite and bituminous coal is found 
and mined in all parts of the county. 

The best quality of sandstone is quar- 
ried for building purposes. The public 
roads are rapidly improving, and are 
maintained by the county. 

Most of the labor in the county is 
agricultural, and the average price per 
month is $13, with board. There have 
been several important developments, 
among which is the construction of a 
beautiful court house, at a cost of $1$,- 



000, and one of the most magnificent 
school buildings in Eastern Kentucky. 
The leading source of education is the 
Salyersville Graded and Normal School, 
which is situated at the county seat. 

Salyersville, the county seat, is situated 
on the bank of the Licking River, and is 
a beautiful little town of about 400 
inhabitants. It has an elegant new court 
house, recently completed at a cost of 
$15,000, several thriving business houses, 
good schools and churches. It also has 
the Salyersville Normal School, which is 
one of the best educational institutions in 
the State. 



MARION COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 16,290. County Seat, Lebanon. 



Is situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, 
Fifteenth Senatorial, and Fortieth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

Marion County was carved out of the 
territory of Washington County in the 
year 1834, and lies near the geographical 
center of the State. 

The surface of the county is gently 
undulating, with the exception of a chain 
of " knobs," a part of the Muldraugh Hill 
system, which runs entirely through the 
county from east to west. 

The principal water-courses are Rolling 
Fork, including the main stream, and 
North Fork and South Fork of same, 
Hardin's Creek, Cartwright's Creek, Pleas- 
ant Run and Little Beech Fork. 

The soil is varied in character. The 
county is generally considered as lying on 
the line separating the Bluegrass from 
the "Pennerile." The valleys of all the 
water-courses are extremely fertile. The 
bottoms are broad, especially on the 
Rolling Fork. 

The soils of the county produce fine 



crops of tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
vegetables, and small fruits. Consider- 
able attention is given to raising cattle, 
hogs, sheep, and mules for market. The 
finest sugar and cotton mules received in 
the New Orleans market are the product 
of Marion County. 

Labor on the farm is performed by 
native whites and colored hands, and the 
average price, with board, is about twelve 
dollars per month. 

The county was once heavily timbered 
with oak, poplar, beech, hickory, inter- 
spersed with walnut. Little of this now 
remains, although there is considerable 
timber in the knobs and in the south- 
western portion of the county. 

The principal manufacturing establish- 
ments in the county are a number of 
distilleries. These are among the best 
equipped in the country, and the reputa- 
tion of their brands is co-extensive with 
those portions of the world where 
Kentucky whisky is used. Next in 
importance are the flouring mills of the 
county, of which there are a considerable 



92 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



number conveniently located throughout 
the county. 

There are two colleges in the county, 
St. Mary's for young gentlemen, and 
Loretto for the young ladies. Both of 
these institutions are old-established seats 
of learning. 

The county has no bonded or floating 
debt of any kind, and the tax rate for 
county purposes is low. 



Lebanon, the county seat, is a thriving 
city of about 4,000 inhabitants, situated 
on the Knoxville division of the L. & N. 
Railroad, and is an up-to-date city in every 
particular, being the only city of impor- 
tance in a wide surrounding area. It has 
two flouring mills, two planing mills, one 
wheel and spoke factory, two cigar factor- 
ies, one tobacco factory, besides numer- 
ous distilleries in and adjacent to the city. 



MARSHALL COUNTY 



POPILATION (CeNSIS IQOO), 13,692. CoUNTY SeaT, BeNTON. 



Is situated in the First Congressional, 
First .\ppellate. Second Judicial, Second 
Senatorial, and Sixth Legislative Districts. 

Marshall County was formed out of a 
part of Calloway Countj' by an act of the 
legislature, June i, 1842, and was named 
in honor of John Marshall, who was then 
Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. 

The principal water-courses are Ten- 
nessee River, which flows along the north 
and east border, and Clark River, which 
passes through the county from southeast 
to northwest. 

The soils of the county are very fertile, 
especially the bottom lands along the 
rivers, and produce fine crops of dark 
tobacco, and all grasses, cereals, fruits, 
and vegetables usually grown in this 
latitude. 



The bulk of the white oak, poplar, and 
green timber has been manufactured, but 
there is yet an immense quantity of red 
oak and black oak of a fine quality in this 
county. 

The Illinois Central Railroad runs 
through the northern part of the county 
for a distance of about twelve miles, 
while the Louisville & Nashville, operated 
by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. 
Louis Railway, runs through the cential 
part of the count}' for a distance of about 
seventeen miles. 

There are sixty-five schools for white 
and two for colored pupils and over Mty 
churches in the county. 

Benton, the county seat, is a prosperous 
little town with good schools, churches, 
and business houses. 



MARTIN COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 5,780. County Seat, Eden (P. O. Inez). 



Is situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judi- 
cial, Thirt)'-third Senatorial, and Ninety- 
sixth Legislative Districts. 

Martin County was created by an act of 
the General Assembly or Legislature of 
Kentucky at its session of 1869-70, and 



was taken from the fractional parts of the 
counties of Lawrence, Pike, Floyd, and 
Johnson. 

Martin County fronts on the Tug Fork 
of Big Sandy River, the boundary between 
Kentucky and West Virginia, for about 
fortv miles. The main creeks running 



STATE OF KENTUCKY' 



93 



into Tug River are Rockcastle Creek, 
Calf Creek, Turkey Creek, Big Elk aud 
Little Elk creeks, Buck Creek, Collin's 
Creek, Wolfe Creek, Long Branch, aud 
Big Creek. 

Tiie soil is sandy and adapted to the 
growth of corn, sugar-cane, grasses, 
melons, and several varieties of small 
fruits aud vegetables. Coal, oil, and gas 
are found in abundance and of excellent 
quality. The county is in the center of 
the gas belt. 

Good common schools and churches 
are located in all parts of the county. 



There are no railroads or turnpikes in 
the county. Small steamboats ply the 
Tug River from six to eight mouths in 
the year. 

Eden (post-office Inez), the county 
seat, is a thriving little city of the sixth 
class, located near the center of the 
county. It has a population of about 
five hundred. 

An abundance of white, black, and 
chestnut oak, white and black walnut, 
white and yellow poplar, ash, elm, beech, 
sycamore, and lynn or basswood timber is 
found in the countv. 



MASON COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 20,446. County Seat, Maysville. 



Is situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, 
Thirty-first Senatorial, and Eighty-seventh 
Legislative Districts. 

Mason County is situated in the north- 
ern part of the State on the Ohio River. 
It is one of the nine counties formed 
before the State was admitted into the 
Union, having been organized in 1788 by 
the legislature of Virginia. 

The county is well watered and drained 
by the Ohio and Licking rivers and their 
numerous tributaries. 

This county has an area of about 220 
square miles. The surface of the county 
along its water-courses is hilly, and as you 
approach the Ohio River this feature of 
the topography of the county becomes 
very pronounced. Back from the streams, 
however, widen out wonderful tracts of 
level and very fertile lands. In the 
southern part of the county the most 
fertile land is found ; none probably in 
the State better. Diversified farming is 
engaged in to a considerable extent. The 
Ohio River, bordering on this county for 
eighteen miles, gives it good water trans- 
portation. 

The turnpikes in Mason County are 



unexcelled by those anywhere, and there 
are about 300 miles of free pikes in this 
county, kept up and maintained by taxa- 
tion and the free turnpike law of the State. 
The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad runs 
along the entire length of the northern 
boundary, and the Kentucky Central, now 
owned and controlled by the Louisville & 
Nashville system, runs through the 
central portion of the county from south 
to north, giving the county the very best 
of facilities for transportation. 

The labor on the farm is mostly per- 
formed by native white and colored 
laborers, and they can be had for ten to 
fifteen dollars per month and board. The 
staples of the farm are corn, wheat, oats, 
hay, and tobacco. The very finest white 
Burley tobacco is grown in this county. 
All the products of the farm are largely 
raised. 

The educational facilities of this county 
are not surpassed by those of any other 
county in the State. The common 
schools are very superior. New- and 
good school houses, supplied with all 
modern appliances, have been provided 
within the past few years. The schools are 
supplied with an excellent corps of teachers. 



94 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



The county also abounds with churches, 
about all of the regular orthodox denomi- 
nations being represented. 

Maysville is the county seat. It is 
situated on the Ohio River, sixty-four 
miles above Cincinnati. It is also on the 
Chesapeake & Ohio and the Kentucky 
Central railroads. Its population now is 
estuuated to be about S,ooo. It has 



many miles of nicely paved streets and 
elegant sidewalks. Has a line of electric 
street railway, fine system of water-works, 
gas and electric light plants, telephone 
exchange, and also connected by long- 
distance telephone with all parts of the 
country; large manufacturing establish- 
ments of various kinds, fine hotels, 
elegant churches, and magnificent schools. 



MEADE COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 10,533. County Seat, Brandenburg. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Tenth 
Senatorial, and Thirtieth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Meade County is situated among the 
counties known as the central section of 
the State. It was formed in 1823 from 
the territory of Breckinridge and Hardin 
counties, and named after one of the old 
Revolutionary heroes. Captain Meade. 
The Ohio River on the northeast and 
southwest gives it a coast line of about 
seventy miles. The county is well drained 
and watered by numerous creeks which 
empty into the Ohio River. 

The soil along the river and creeks is 
as rich and productive as any in the 
State, and embraces about one tenth of 
its area; but bordering on these streams 
for several miles the land is hilly and 
somewhat rough; the remainder is undula- 
ting only enough to drain it, making it a 
splendid farming land. The hilly portion 
of the county is well adapted to the rais- 
ing of all kinds of fruit, and abounds in 
the finest orchards of apples to be found 
anywhere. There are several large evap- 
orating establishments in the county, be- 
sides several apple distilleries. Diversified 
farming is generally carried on, as the 
soil responds generously to the various 
grain and tobacco crops. Stock raising 
and feeding is becoming a great industry. 
All kinds of grasses grow well on the rich 



limestone. Several silos have been in use 
for years, both for fattening cattle as well 
as wintering stock cattle. The poultry 
business is looming up to be one of the 
factors in the general thrift of the wide- 
awake farmers. Churches of all denomi- 
nations abound, and good, commodious 
school houses are in easy reach of every 
family. About one fifth of the timber still 
remains, and it embraces the various oaks, 
walnut, hickory, and beech. There are 
two railroads running through the county, 
affording every facility, with the Ohio 
River, to an easy and quick market. 
Petroleum, natural gas, and salt were dis- 
covered years ago, but only the two latter 
have been utilised. Several salt manu- 
factories above Brandenburg were operated 
for years, but the gas being more profit- 
able for heating and manufacturing, a pipe 
line now carries it to Louisville. 

The river and creek hills abound in 
immense ledges of fine stone for either 
building or artistic uses. Sand, oolite, 
granite, cement, and lithograph stones are 
found and easily quarried. The latter 
stone is now being quarried and dressed 
near Brandenburg by steam machinery, 
and shipped in large quantities. It is pro- 
nounced the finest in the world. 

Telephone wires are now run along the 
public highway's, connecting the many 
little towns with each other, and many 
farmers' homes as well. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



95 



MENIFEE COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 6,818. County Seat, Frenchburg. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-first Judicial, 
Thirty-fifth Senatorial, and Nineteenth 
Legislative Districts. 

Menifee County, named in honor of 
Richard Menifee, a famous orator and 
-Statesman, was formed from the counties 
of Powell, Bath, and Montgomery in 
1869. 

There are several streams flowing in 
every direction through the county, the 
largest of which are Beaver, Slate, Glady, 
Indian, and Blackwater creeks. 

Menifee County has all kinds of soil, 
rich cove land, limestone benches, river 
and creek bottoms, smooth uplands, all 
of which produce well most any kind of 
crop. The farmers raise corn, wheat, 
oats, cane, rye, timothy, red top, clover, 
orchard grass, millet, and fruit such as 
apples, peaches, pears, and grapes. 

Beaver Creek is navigable from French- 
burg to Licking River, a distance of 
eighteen miles. The C. & O. Railroad 
runs to Rothwell, Ky., a distance through 
this county of about six miles. The Red 
River Valley Railroad (narrow gauge) has 
■a line in this county of about twenty miles. 
The Scranton Railroad Co. has a line of 
about twenty miles (narrow gauge), and 



Lembord & Cla\' have a line about ten 
miles in this county (narrow gauge), all of 
which are large shippers of lumber, ties, 
and staves. 

The character of labor in this county 
is white, and the average price paid is 
about Si 5. 00 per month. 

Frenchburg is the county seat, and is 
located in about the center of the county. 
The town contains about 300 inhabitants, 
with three churches and one college build- 
ing, now owned by the Masonic Order (cost 
about ?2,ooo); one brick Odd Fellows' 
Hall that cost to build about ^(3,000; four 
merchants, two blacksmiths, six school 
teachers, one doctor, four attorneys-at- 
law, and two liotels. 

The public schools 
in splendid condition, 
county fifty teachers 
school districts. Good cliurches are 
cated in all parts of the county. 

The county is rich in minerals, coal, 
iron, and some lead. Various coal banks 
are now opened throughout tfie county, 
running in thickness from twenty to thirty 
inches. The hills are full of irou ore. 
The famous old Beaver furnace, built 
back in the thirties, was located in what is 
now Menifee County. 



in the county are 
There are in the 
and thirty-seven 
o- 



MERCER COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 14,426. County Seat, Harrodsburg. 



Situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, 
Twentieth Senatorial, and Sixtieth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Mercer County was named in honor of 
■General Hugh Mercer, a Revolutionary 
officer who fell at the head of his brigade 
at the Battle of Princeton, and is one of 
the nine counties created by an act of the 



Virginia Legislature before Kentucky be- 
came a State. It was carved out of Lin- 
coln County in 1785, being the sixth 
county in order of creation. It is situa- 
ted in the central part of the State, and 
forms a portion of the famous bluegrass 
region. The exact geographical center of 
the State is within its borders, about six 
miles west of the county seat. Its eastern 



96 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



and northeastern boundary follows the 
center of Kentucky' and Dix rivers. 
Along the banks of these rivers is to be 
found some of the grandest scenery on 
our continent. 

Mercer presents a great variety in the 
character and productiveness of her soils. 
The best farming lands of the county are 
equal in productiveness and adaptability 
to a variety of crops to those of any 
county of this or any other State. While 
wheat, oats, corn, hemp, and tobacco, 
clover and timothy hay are the great 
staple products of the county, rye, broom 
corn, buckwheat, potatoes, orchard grass, 
millet, and Hungarian grass are also grown. 

No county iu the State is better watered. 
In addition to the streams mentioned, com- 
prising about seventy-five miles in the 
county, it has numerous other smaller 
streams. It is also watered by innumera- 
ble springs. Nearly every farm has one 
or more sources of never-failing water. .^ 
number of the streams of the county 
furnish excellent water-power, and some 
are made available for flour mills and other 
industries. .\ number of the farmers are 
interested in raising short-horn cattle. 
Some of its fine farms are devoted to 
raising thoroughbred, or trotting and sad- 
dle horses. A very prominent training- 
stable is located at the county seat. 

Mercer has a variety of timbers — oak, 
ash, hickory, walnut, sugar-tree, cherrj', 
beech, poplar, lynn, pine, etc. It has 
many varieties of oak, which is most 
abundant. Walnut, ash, hickory, and 
beech are common. The price of the land 
of Mercer varies from S lo to S8 5 per acre. 

The manufacturing interest outside of 
Harrodsburg is represented by eight grist 
mills, two distilleries, and several saw 
mills. 

The county enjoys excellent transporta- 
tion facilities for its agricultural and 
mechanical products. A complete net- 
work of macadamized roads, comprising 
two hundred miles in all, traverse every 
section. .\ dozen or more lead into Har- 
rodsburg, the county seat. Every mile of 
turnpike is free and maintained by the 



county. The Cincinnati, New Orleans & 
Texas Pacific Railroad (Cincinnati South- 
ern Railroad) runs through the eastern 
portion of the county for a distance of 
eight miles, and the Louisville Southern 
Railroad, entering it from the north, fol- 
lows the general course of Salt River to 
Harrodsburg, thence to Burgin, a distance 
of eighteen miles. Since the completion 
of the lock at High Bridge large steamers 
now navigate the Kentucky River, afford- 
ing cheap transportation. 

Harrodsburg, the county seat, has the 
honor of being the oldest town in the 
State. Here "the first house" was built 
in 1774 by a company of thirty-one men, 
for Captain James Harrod, for whom it 
was named. However, its business houses 
and most of its dwellings give no evidence 
of its age, being of modern construction 
and including many handsome buildings 
and beautiful homes. Fifty per cent of 
its dwellings and all of its business houses 
are brick, metal-roof buildings. It has a 
population of 4,000. It has six white and 
three colored churches. In addition to its 
public schools it has Beaumont College 
(formerly Daughters' College) for young 
ladies, the Harrodsburg Academy for 
young men and young ladies, and Wayman 
College, the latter being an institution of 
the colored Methodist Church. It has two 
telephone systems, electric light plant, 
and a fine system of water-works; a large 
grain elevator, two planing mills, an ice 
manufactory, two large flouring mills, a 
laundry, a carding factory, a large distill- 
ery, a turkey slaughter-pen, two coal and 
lumber yards, a brick yard, one whole- 
sale grocery, two banks with a capital of 
Sioo,ooo each, four blacksmith shops, fifty 
business houses, two weekly newspapers — 
the Harrodsburg Democrat and the Har- 
rodsburg Sayings. 

Burgin, Pleasant Hill, Salvisa, and 
Mc.\fee are flourishing villages amidst a 
fine agricultural country. 

There are thirty-five churches in the 
county. Thirty-three Sunday-schools have 
an enrollment of 2,000 pupils. The 
county has a good common school system. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



97 



METCALFE COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), g,g88. County Seat, Edmonton. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, 
Nineteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-fifth 
Legislative Districts. 

Metcalfe County was formed in i860, 
the greater part of it being cut from the 
eastern portion of Barren County, the 
counties of Monroe, Cumberland, Hart, 
and Green furnishing small additions to 
same. It is situated near the center of 
the southern border of the State. It was 
named in honor of Thomas Metcalfe, the 
tenth governor of the State. 

It is drained by the Little Barren River, 
which flows along its entire eastern bound- 
ary, and the principal tributary of same, 
the South Fork, which flows through the 
central part of the county. In fertility 
the soil of the county may be classed in a 
general way as on an average with the 
best in this section of the State. 

There has been no gas or oil developed 
in this county, but it is considered as being 
within the limits of the vast oil field which 
has been worked with such success in ad- 
joining counties. The county is well tim- 
bered, oak and beech preponderating; 
there are ash, hickory, and other hard 
woods, and also some poplar. 



Diversified farming is not engaged in. 
The principal products of the farms are 
corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco. There 
are no navigable streams in the county 
and no turnpike roads. There are no 
railroads in the county. 

The average price of farm lands is $6 
per acre. The farms of the county are 
cultivated mostly by native white labor, 
the average price paid such laborers being 
§8 per month, with board. 

The educational facilities of the county 
are such as are supplied by the common 
school system and the Edmonton Male and 
Female Academy. The public schools are 
well attended and conducted, and are in 
good condition. The taxation for county 
purposes is 10 cents on the $100. Poll 
tax. Si. 25. 

Edmonton, the county seat of Metcalfe 
County, is situated near the center of the 
county on the south fork of Little Barren 
River. It is a small town, has a nice 
public square and good court house; a 
church, public school house, a private 
school house, several general stores, 
two drug stores, and a splendid hotel ; 
also one first-class roller mill and one 
bank. 



MONROE COUNTY 

Population (Census igoo), 13,053. County Seat, Tompkinsville. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, 
Nineteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-fifth 
Legislative Districts. 

Monroe is the eighty-fifth in the alpha- 
betical order of counties, and is bounded 
its entire length on the south by Tennes- 
see. The county was organized in 1820 
from parts of Cumberland and Barren. 



The Cumberland River runs through the 
eastern part of the county, and its tribu- 
taries are few, notably, Meshack, Little 
and Big Sulphur, Big and Little McFar- 
laud. Barren River and its tributaries 
drain more than three fourths of the 
county, the entire northern, central, and 
western part. 

Creeks, brooks, rivulets, and never- 



98 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



failing springs are numerous. No county 
in the State has a more equally distrib- 
uted supply of water than this. The soil, 
by reason of its clay bottom, is suscep- 
tible of the highest degree of improve- 
ment. Fields that have been barren and 
abandoned for many years have been re- 
cently refenced, and are producing abun- 
dant crops by the judicious use of ferti- 
lizer. About 40 per cent of the acreage 
of the county is in its primeval state and 
covered with luxuriant forest trees — such 
as oak, poplar, hickory, chestnut, beech, 
ash, etc. 

Farming is mainly confined to the cul- 
ture of cereals, but in recent years farmers 
are devoting some attention to fruit grow- 
ing. The climate is well suited to the 
growth and de\elopment of all staple 
fruits, viz., apples, pears, peaches, cher- 
ries, grapes, and plums, while the forest 
usually abounds with wild fruits. All kinds 
of small fruits grow in abundance in the 
fields without cultivation. The Cumber- 
land is the only navigable stream in the 
county. Farm laborers get from §7 to S 1 2 
per month, according to age and experi- 
ence. 



Tompkinsville, the county seat, was 
named for Vice-President Tompkins. It 
is located near the center of the county. 
It is practically a new town, as it was al- 
most entirely destroyed by fire some ten 
years ago. It has three churches, and 
there are four large dry goods stores, 
three drug stores, two fine roller mills, 
shops, and four newspapers. The busi- 
ness houses are mostly of brick, and many 
fine and costly residences add to the 
beauty of this splendid inland town. The 
Monroe County Deposit Bank is a well- 
established banking-house and is doing a 
thriving business. The public buildings — 
court house and county jail — are handsome 
structures constructed on modern plans. 

The Tompkinsville Normal School, a 
chartered institution, is located here. 
Other colleges are located in the county, 
"The Didactic High School " at Gama- 
liel. The Monroe Normal School is located 
at Flippin. The public schools are exceed- 
ingly prosperous, far above the average, 
and are in the hands of an able corps of 
teachers, many of whom hold State certifi- 
cates, and quite a large percentage hold 
first-class county certificates. 



M O N T G O M E R Y COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 12,834. County Seat, Mt. Sterling. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-first Judicial, 
Twenty-eighth Senatorial, and Ninetieth 
Legislative Districts. 

Montgomery County was formed in the 
year 1796 out of Clark, and was the twenty- 
second in the history of the State. It was 
named in honor of General Richard Mont- 
gomery. At the date of its formation it 
comprised a very large territory, but at 
various dates since then portions of it 
have been repeatedly taken to form other 
counties, no less than eighteen counties 
having been either wholly or partly made 
from the original county. 



The land for the greater part is gently 
rolling and well adapted for agricultural 
pursuits. In the southeastern portion of 
the count)' it is more broken and hilly. 

While there are no large streams of 
water, there are many creeks and small 
streams which furnish an abundant supply 
during the driest of seasons. 

The county is all bluegrass except the 
extreme southern and southeastern parts. 
Being naturally rich, and having a clay 
backing of six to ten feet before striking 
rock, the soil is peculiarly adapted to rais- 
ing good crops, even during an extended 
drouth. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



99 



The principal crops are corn, tobacco, 
wheat, oats, rye, and various grasses. 
Quite an item of profit is being made in 
gathering bluegrass seed. 

Like most other bluegrass counties trav- 
ersed by railroads, most of the timber has 
been cut down, though in the southern 
and southeastern portions of the county 
there are still standing many fine bodies 
of timber. This timber is chiefly oak, 
ash, walnut, sugar maple, poplar, and 
chestnut. 

The Chesapeake & Oliio Railroad runs 
through the county and furnishes direct 
means of transportation to the seacoast. 
A branch of this road extends from 
Mt. Sterling to Rothwell, in Menifee 
County. 

There are one hundred miles of turn- 
pikes, all free of toll, and about one hun- 
dred miles of good country roads. 

In addition to a good common school 
system, there is at Mt. Sterling a large 
public graded high school, which is main- 
tained by local ta.xation in addition to the 
State per capita. 



There are also several private high 
schools and academies, all well patronized. 

The labor employed on the farm is simi- 
lar to that in other bluegrass counties, 
and prices received therefor run from S12 
to ?I5 per month. 

Mt. Sterling, the county seat, is a thriv- 
ing and energetic city of 5,000 inhabitants, 
situated on the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail- 
road, and is thirty-three miles east of 
Lexington. It is known as the " Gate 
City" from the fact that it is the general 
distributing point for the mountain coun- 
ties beyond. It has four large wholesale 
groceries, two roller flouring mills, a woolen 
factory, ice and electric light plants, ma- 
chine shops, three banks, many large and 
thriving retail stores, fine church buildings, 
macadam street and brick and stone side- 
walks, splendid system of water-works, 
magnificent new court house, a handsome 
new city hall. Besides having a local 
telephone exchange, it is connected with 
the rest of the State by long-distance tele- 
phone. Mt. Sterling is one of the best 
cattle markets in the State. 



MORGAN COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 12,792. County Seat, West Liberty. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, 
Thirty-fourth Senatorial and Ninety-first 
Legislative Districts. 

Morgan County is in middle eastern 
Kentucky, and was organized as a county 
in 1822 out of territory taken from Floyd 
and Bath counties. 

The Licking runs through the central 
portion of the county in a southeastern 
direction, while its numerous tributaries 
drain the county from each side of that 
river. The soil of the county along the 
bottoms of the Licking and other streams 
is very strong and fertile, and abundant 
crops are raised. This is, however, a 



distinctively mineral and timber county. 
The largest deposits of cannel coal in the 
world are found in this county. Bitumin- 
ous coal and iron are also found in inex- 
haustible quantities, as is also the finest 
building stone. The timber resources of 
this county are unexcelled, and notwith- 
standing the large number of logs which 
have been rafted out of the county fully 
fifty per cent of the virgin forests yet 
remain. Oak, hickory, ash, pine, beech, 
walnut, and poplar are the leading species 
of trees. Large tracts of valuable timbered 
land can be purchased at very reasonable 
prices per acre. 

The Licking River is the only stream in 



L.ofC. 



lOO 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



the county navigable, and that only for 
small steamers. There are no turnpikes 
in the county. 

The inhabitants of Morgan are steady, 
industrious, law-abiding, peaceful, and hos- 
pitable. Intemperance and crime are al- 
most wholly unknown now to the county. 
There has not been a licensed saloon in 
the county for eighteen years. There is 



a good church and school house in every 
district in the county. 

West Liberty is the county seat of 
Morgan County, and is situated near the 
center of the county on the Licking River. 
It is a nice, quiet little village, with enter- 
prising merchants, good church and school 
house, and population of nearly five 
hundred. 



MUHLENBERG COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 20,741. County Seat, G.",eenville. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Secoud Appellate, Seventh Judicial, 
Seventh Senatorial, and Eighteenth 
Legislative Districts. 

Muhlenberg County is situated in mid- 
dle western Kentucky and was formed 
out of parts of Logan and Christian in 
1798. Green, Big Muddy, and Pond 
rivers, with their numerous tributaries, 
afford ample drainage and a fine supply 
of water. 

The surface of the county is rather roll- 
ing, though much of it is broken and even 
hilly; the character of the soil, speaking in 
a general way, is a sandy loam, and quite 
productive; especially in the northern por- 
tion of the county is good farming land. 
This county is, however, more noted for 
great wealth of minerals. Coal and iron 
of the best quality abound in the county 
in the largest and richest veins and depos- 
its, both of which have been largely de- 
veloped. 

The best and finest timber also abounds 
throughout this county. Oak, poplar, 
walnut, beech, ash, and pine are all 
plentiful, and the supply is sufficient to 
last many years. Diversified farming is 
not engaged in to any extent, but the 
same could be profitably followed if mar- 
kets were easier of access, for this is a 



splendid county in which to raise melons 
and vegetables, the soil seeming to be 
especially adapted to same, and fruits of 
all kinds known to our latitude do well. 

Green River, on the eastern boundary, 
is navigable for steamers, and being con- 
trolled by the Federal government is free 
for navigation. Other streams within the 
county and on its boundary are only navi- 
gable for flatboats and rafts. 

There are about fifty-four miles of com- 
pleted railroad in the county. The Louis- 
ville & Nashville runs through the eastern 
part and the Illinois Central Railroad runs 
near the central portion of the county. 

The staples of the farm are corn, wheat, 
oats, hay, and tobacco, tobacco being the 
principal product. 

The educational facilities of this county 
are good. The common schools of the 
county are all well attended, are under good 
management, supplied with competent 
teachers, and the districts have good, 
comfortable school houses. 

Greenville is the county seat of Muhlen- 
berg County, and is located near the cen- 
ter of the county on the Illinois Central 
Railroad; it is a flourishing town, with 
enterprising merchants, good hotels and 
schools, with commodious church build- 
ings and live congregations. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



lOI 



NELSON COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 16,587. County Seat, Bardstown. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Four- 
teenth Senatorial, and Thirty-ninth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Col. Isaac Fox, with others, in the 
spring of 1775, were the first settlers of 
what is now Nelson County, and located 
their fort on Cox's Creek, which was called 
■" Cox's Station." A permanent settle- 
ment was made in 17 78 by Capt. Samuel 
Pottinger, on Pottinger's Creek, where a 
fort was built, and on Simpson's Creek 
Thomas Polk and his companions settled 
and built a fort also. The present site of 
Bardstown was settled in 1776 and named 
" Salem," and in 1782 was surveyed and 
regularly laid off and name changed to 
Bairdstown in honor of David Baird. 
John Fitch, inventor of the steamboat, 
xnoved to Bardstown in 1778, died in 
1798, and was buried in the "Town 
Grave Yard." In October, 1784, Patrick 
Henry, Governor of Virginia, approved 
the act to establish the county of Nelson, 
the fourth county of the territory. 

The northeastern part of the county is 
rolling bluegrass land, very fertile and 
highly productive. The land in and 
around Bardstown is a plateau, through 
vwhich the water-courses have cut deep 



valleys. The western and southern parts 
of the county are crossed by a range of 
knobs, on each side of which flow the 
Beech and Rolling forks, bordered by 
broad alluvial bottoms. The knobs are 
all fine timbered lands, much of which is 
virgin forest. There are 46,000 acres of 
woodland in the county. The Rolling 
Fork is the southern and southwestern 
boundary of the county, while the Beech 
Fork, for a distance of fifteen miles, is the 
eastern boundary, whence it turns, flows 
west through the central part of the 
county to join the Rolling Fork. Both 
streams are capable of being made navi- 
gable by a system of locks and dams. 
The county has about 225 miles of turn- 
pike roads. 

Hydraulic limestone in a bed twelve to 
eighteen inches thick comes in under the 
lowest bench of magnesian limestone in a 
hill southwest of Whitrow Creek, and also 
on Buffalo Creek. Iron ore rich enough 
for profitable smelting is found in the 
knobs between the Rolling and Beech 
forks, the kidney ore from near Nelson 
Furnace showing 35.64 per cent of iron. 

Farm labor may be had from J12 to 
Si 5 per month. The county has no 
bonded indebtedness. 



NICHOLAS COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 11,952. County Seat, Carlisle. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
'Sixth Appellate, Eighteenth Judicial, Thir- 
tieth Senatorial, and Eighteenth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Nicholas County lies on the border of 
what is famed as the bluegrass section of 
Kentucky. Its lands produce the finest 
white Burley tobacco raised; its corn. 



wheat, and other products are yielded in 
abundance, and its stock interests are 
large and lucrative. 

Licking River runs through the north- 
ern portion of the county, and the various 
smaller streams furnish abundance of stock 
water. 

The churches and schools are abundant 



I02 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



and prosperous. The public roads are all 
macadamized, and are free. The timber 
has about all been cut away. 

Carlisle, the county seat, is one of the 
most attractive towns in the State. The 
court house is one of the most beautiful 
and complete. A dozen thriving villages 
dot the county. 

Historically, Nicholas County is well 
known. Lying within her borders are the 
two famous " Blue Lick Springs," known 
to early history as the two "salt springs 
of the Licking." It was at the lower lick 
that Daniel Boone and his fellow salt- 
makers were captured by Indians and 
carried to Detroit as prisoners, where the 
French commandant offered one hundred 



pounds sterling for him. It was also at 
the lower Blue Lick that the disastrous 
battle of August 19, 17S2, was fought, 
and this spot is now being made famous 
again by the exhuming of mammoth bones 
and indisputable evidences that civilized 
man existed even before the extinguish- 
ment of the giant beasts of the forest. 
Underneath the fossil bones and tusks 
of immense animals have been lately 
discovered a well-laid and much worn 
stone pavement, pieces of an iron vessel, 
and charcoal. 

The Louisville & Nashville Railroad 
runs through the center of the county, and 
furnishes abundant transportation for 
freight and passengers. 



OHIO COUNTY 



PopuL.\TioN (Census 1900), 27,287. County Seat, Hartford. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Seventh 
Senatorial, and Twenty-sixth Legislative 
Districts. 

This county is one of the largest in 
territory and bids fair to soon become one 
of the largest in population and wealth in 
the State. On the south and west it is 
bounded by Green River. Running through 
the center of the county is Rough River, 
a navigable stream which drains a large 
and fertile region. 

There are numerous smaller streams 
and creeks, the valleys of which, like that 
of the rivers, are very rich and producti\e 
of all our staple products. The adjacent 
hills or uplands are not so enduring in 
fertility. 

Tobacco, wheat, oats, clover, red top, 
timothy and orchard grass grow well. 
Hogs, horses, mules, and sheep are raised 
in large numbers, of the best and most 
improved breeds. 

The county is exceptionally fortunate 
in its supply of the cheapest and best 
of transportation for heavy freights by 



water. The county has in addition to 
her water facilities 54.92 miles of railroad 
within her borders, the Illinois Central 
owning and operating through the entire 
county between Green and Rough rivers. 
The same company also operates a branch 
road from Horse Branch, traversing a 
fine coal field by Olaton, Fordsville, and 
Deanefield, Ohio County, to Owensboro, 
Daviess County. The Irvington branch 
of the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis 
extends from Irvington, on the main line, 
for a distance of nine miles in Ohio 
County to Fordsville. 

The supply of timber, once so abundant, 
is rapidly disappearing, and yet after 
the many years of its waste there was 
never so much "logging" for local and 
Evansville markets as at present. Suffi- 
cient oak, poplar, ash, gum, hickory, and 
chestnut timber I'emain for all purposes. 
Coal exists in superior quality and 
unlimited quantity, especially between the 
Illinois Central and Green River. Iron 
ore is also found in the same locality, and 
on Rough River, near Hartford. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



103 



The county is well supplied with free 
schools, and in no part of it need any 
family be too far removed to patronize a 
good school. Hartford, Beaver Dam, and 
Fordsville each have a graded school. 

Hartford, on Rough River, is the county 
seat, in a rich farming and timber region. 



It has a population of 1,200, two banks, 
tile, stave, and tobacco factories,, and good 
two-story brick business houses. Beaver 
Dam, on Illinois Central, is an important 
shipping point for Ohio and Butler coun- 
ties, has a fine bank and does a good 
business. 



OLDHAM COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 70,78. County Seat, Lagrange. 



Situated in the Seventh Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, 
Twenty-first Senatorial, and Fifty-second 
Legislative Districts. 

Oldham was created in the year 1723 
from portions of Henry, Shelby, and 
Jefferson counties, and was named after 
Colonel Wm. Oldham, a gallant officer in 
the Revolutionary War, who came to Ken- 
tucky in 1779 from Beverly County, Vir- 
ginia, and settled near the Falls of the 
Ohio. Oldham County lies in the north 
middle part of the State, and is bordered 
on the north by about twenty miles of the 
Ohio River. 

The soil is fairly good and the whole 
county is well adapted to farming and 
stock raising. The land produces wheat. 



corn, tobacco, oats, and various grasses in 
abundance. The county is very healthy, 
being of a high altitude, well watered by 
springs and two large creeks, Floyd's Fork 
and Harrod's Creek, which flow through 
the entire county, from east to west. 

The L., C. & L. branch of the L. & N. 
railroad traverses the county from west to 
east for twenty miles. 

Lagrange, the county seat, has a 
population of about 1,100, with streets 
well macadamized, shade trees in abun- 
dance, no tax license for several years; 
has two banks and seven churches. 

Other towns in the county are Ballards- 
ville, Floydsburg, Pewee Valley, Goshen, 
Brownsboro, and Westport on the Ohio 
River. 



OWEN COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 17,553. County Seat, Owenton. 



Situated in the Seventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-third Senatorial, and Sixteenth 
Legislative Districts. 

Was the sixty-seventh county organized, 
and was formed in 18 19 out of parts of 
Franklin, Scott, and Gallatin. It was 
named in honor of Colonel Abraham Owen, 
a distinguished citizen and soldier. The 
general character of the soil of Owen is 
limestone upon a clay foundation. It 



produces a superior quality of Burley 
tobacco, corn, all kinds of small grain, 
grasses, and fruits. The county is also 
well adapted to stock raising, being 
admirably watered and growing all the 
best grasses, bluegrass among the rest. 
Owenton, the county seat, a prosperous 
and growing country town, is pleasantly 
situated in the center of the county. 
Besides Owenton, there are some eight or 
ten small towns and villages scattered 



I04 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



over the county, most of which are in a 
prosperous condition. The Kentucky 
River bounds the county on the south, 
and the Short-line Branch of the Louis- 
ville & Nashville Railroad runs on or near 
the line of the county for some twenty- 
odd miles on the northwest, and the 
Cincinnati branch of the Louisville & 
Nashville railroad runs along the northern 
border. 

Quite a number of mineral springs are 
found in Owen County, the waters of 
which are of approved valuable medicinal 
properties. Owen has a very interesting 
history in connection with war and politics. 

The "Jump-off" on Eagle Creek; 
"Pointof- Rocks" on Cedar Creek, with its 
"Deep Hole," or "Bottomless Pool," and 
" Pond Branch," with its " Island Moun- 
tain," are all interesting objects of note 
in this county. The Kentucky River, 
which is the onlv navigable stream in 



Owen, furnishes the county about thirty- 
five miles (as the river runs) of navigation 
for good-sized steamers and towboats. 
Locks Nos. 2 and 3 are located on the 
line between Owen and Henry counties, 
and Lock No. i is a few miles below the 
western line. Eagle Creek, a large tribu- 
tary of the Kentucky, forms the entire 
northern border of the county, and with 
Cedar, Big Twin, Big Indian, Severn, 
and other creeks, furnish ample water 
power for propelling machinery. There 
are all kinds of timber in Owen, but it is 
growing scarce. Most of the timbers 
now left, valuable for sawing into lumber, 
are poplar, beech, and oak varieties. The 
principal agricultural products of the 
county are tobacco, corn, wheat, rye, 
oats, and grasses. Owen is one of the 
largest Burley tobacco producing counties 
in the State, much of it being of the 
highest grade. 



OWSLEY COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 6,874. County Seat, Booneville. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, 
Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Seventy- 
first Legislative Districts. 

Owsley County is one of the middle 
eastern Kentucky counties, and was 
formed in 1843 and named after Governor 
William Owsley. 

It is well watered and drained ; the 
South Fork of the Kentucky River flows 
through the center of the county from 
south to north. 

The soil of the county is good, very 
rich and productive, and yields bounti- 
ful crops of corn, wheat, oats, and hay, 
and some tobacco. The county is well 
underlaid with coal of the best quality, 
the finest veins of surface coal of both 
bituminous and cannel are found here, and 
forty feet below the surface of the earth 
are veins of the finest coal, nearly ten feet 
thick. The soil is also underlaid with 
the best quality of gray and blue lime- 
stone, suitable for building purposes. 



Iron also abounds in this county; in fact, 
the wealth of the county is its mineral and 
magnificent timber supply. Probably 
two thirds of the surface of the county is 
yet covered with forests of the very finest 
timber. All the varieties of timber found 
in Eastern Kentucky are found here — 
oak, hickory, sugar-tree, beech, yellow 
pine, yellow poplar, ash, black and white 
walnut, maple, and chestnut. 

The common schools of the county have 
been greatly improved in the past few 
years and are now in a flourishing condi- 
tion. Good school houses are in every 
district, and they are well supplied with 
all the modern appliances for teaching. 

Booneville is the county seat of Owsley 
County, and is situated in the northern 
part of the county near the middle of the 
northern boundary line, on the South Fork 
of the Kentucky River. It was named 
for Daniel Boone, who at one time had a 
camp near where the court house now 
stands. 



STATE OF KENTUCK'i' 



lO: 



PENDLETON COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 14,947. County Seat, Falmouth. 



Situated in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth 
Appellate, Eighteenth Judicial, Twenty- 
sixth Senatorial, and Seventy-ninth Leg- 
islative Districts. 

Pendleton County is situated in the 
northern part of the State, about two and 
one half miles of its northeastern border 
being on the Ohio River. It is bounded 
on the north by the counties of Kenton 
and Campbell, on the east by the Ohio 
River and Bracken County, on the south 
by Harrison County, and on the west by 
Grant Count}-. It was organized as a 
county in 1800 and is named in honor of 
the Honorable Edmund Pendleton, the 
Virginia statesman. 

The Licking River flows through the 
central portion of the county. The south 
fork of this river enters the county at its 
southwest corner, and flowing in a north- 
eastern direction joins the Licking at 
•Falmouth, near the center of the county. 

About one third of the county is bottom 
land along the rivers and the numerous 
creeks which are their tributaries, and is 
very rich and productive. The other por- 
tion is hilly, but quite productive and well 
adapted to grazing. Sheep and cattle rais- 
ing is extensively carried on, and a surplus 
of corn, wheat, oats, and hay are raised 
for shipment, but the principal product 
for market is tobacco. All fruits and ber- 
ries grow well and in large quantities. 
There is very little timber left in the 
county, most of the land having been 
under cultivation for years. 



The Kentucky Central Branch of the 
Louisville & Nashville Railroad runs 
through the central portion of the county. 
The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad crosses 
the northeastern corner of the county. 
The county has over two hundred miles of 
turnpike roads and a very good system of 
dirt roads. None of the streams are now 
navigable. 

The common schools are well conducted 
throughout the county; the teachers are 
efficient, and the houses and equipments 
good. Falmouth and Butler have good 
graded schools, and in most of the districts 
the schools are maintained beyond the five- 
months' term by local taxation. 

There are three large rock quarries 
being operated in the county, one at Men- 
zies, on the Louisville & Nashville Rail- 
road, and two near Carntown, on the 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. Good lime- 
stone building lock is near the surface 
and easily quarried in most parts of the 
county. 

Falmouth is the county seat, situated 
on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 
forty miles from Cincinnati, at the junc- 
tion of and almost surrounded by Licking 
River and its south fork, each of which 
streams would afford ample water power 
for all kinds of manufacturing establish- 
ments. Falmouth has a large saw mill, a 
woolen factory, a cannery, two roller flour 
mills, a distillery, a pickle house, and quite 
a number of tobacco prizing and rehand- 
ling warehouses. 



io6 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



PERRY COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 8,276. County Seat, Hazard. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-sixth Judicial, 
Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety-third 
Legislative Districts. 

Perry County was formed in the year 
1821, and both the county and county seat 
named in honor of Oliver Hazard Perry, 
the hero of Lake Erie. It is bounded on 
the north by Breathitt County, on the east 
by Knott, on the south by Harlan, on the 
west by Leslie. 

The North Fork of the Kentucky River, 
its principal water-course, flows through 
the center of the county from south to 
north. It and its tributaries form a most 
perfect system of natural drainage and 
furnish an abundant supply of water for 
the entire county, and affords about 200 
miles of navigable water. 

The soil is freestone, very fertile, and 
produces fine crops of corn, wheat, oats, 
potatoes, fruits, melons, and most all kinds 
of grass. 

There is practically an inexhaustible 
supply of timber. Poplar, ash, walnut. 



birch, maple, chestnut, sycamore, lynn, 
hickory, cedar, etc., abounds in almost 
all parts of the county, and of the finest 
quality. 

The county is very rich in mineral re- 
sources, such as coal, iron, copperas, etc. 
The coal veins are from three to seven 
feet in thickness, and are of the very 
finest quality of splint and cannel coal. 

Hematite iron ores are found in abun- 
dance. Salt and gas are found in great 
quantities. There is a natural gas well 
at Hazard. 

There are no educational institutions in 
the county other than the public schools. 
These schools are in very good condi- 
tion. 

Hazard, the county seat, is an energetic 
little village situated on the east bank of 
the North Fork of the Kentucky, thirty- 
five miles above Jackson, the nearest 
railroad station. It has a good court house, 
a new jail, three good hotels, a number of 
enterprising merchants, good shops and 
mills, and is growing at a rapid rate. 



PIKE COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 22,686. County Seat, Pikeville. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judicial, 
Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety-fifth 
Legislative Districts. 

The county is situated in Eastern 
Kentucky, being the extreme eastern point 
of the State. It was formed in 1821, 
and was named after a gallant officer in 
the War of 1812, General Zebulon M. 
Pike. 

The county is drained by the two great 
forks of the Big Sandy River, Tug Fork, 



running along the eastern, and the Levisa 
Fork, running along the w-estern boundary 
of the county, while John's Creek runs 
through the center of the county. 

The natural drainage of this county 
can not be excelled, and the water supply 
is abundant. The soil is very fine; better 
bottom lands can not be found anywhere 
than along the numerous streams of this 
county, and the hills or uplands are 
remarkably strong and productive. All 
the hills are filled with the finest coal, and 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



107 



the supply is practically inexhaustible. 
Hematite iron ores are also found in 
great abundance, and natural gas and salt 
exist in the county. There is still plenty 
of timber in this county, though it is con- 
fined mostly to the several varieties of 
oaks; beech, pine, and poplar still exist, 
and some walnut can be found. 

The agricultural staples are corn, wheat, 
hay, oats, and tobacco. A surplus of all 
is raised for market. Fruit grows to 
great perfection. 

The schools of the county, outside of 
Pikeville, are the common schools pro- 
vided by the State under the common 



school law, and they are in good condi- 
tion, well attended, under good manage- 
ment, and provided with good teachers. 

Pikeville is the county seat of Pike 
County. It is situated near the center of 
the western border of the county, on the 
Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River. It 
is a most enterprising and progressive 
village. It has a splendid court house, 
erected at a cost to the county of over 
thirty thousand dollars, and a good town 
clock, costing nearly a thousand dollars; 
a ten-thousand-dollar school building 
affords ample accommodations for educa- 
tional facilities. 



POWELL COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 6,443. County Seat, Stanton. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, 
Twenty-ninth Senatorial, and Seventy- 
third Legislative Districts. 

Powell County was formed from parts 
of Montgomery, Clark, and Estill counties 
in 1852. It is named in honor of L. W. 
Powell, then govenor of Kentucky. 

Red River, the principal water-course, 
is not navigable except for the floating of 
timber; it flows through the county, divid- 
ing it into nearly equal portions north and 
south. There is fine water power at Clay 
City, where there was once a large rolling 
mill and nail factory, and also a large 
flouring mill, all run by water: the water 
power is not now being used. The soil in 
the Red River valley is a rich sandy loam, 
and very productive, yielding large crops 
of corn, oats, rye, timothy, and clover. 

The principal timber is poplar, walnut, 
oak, hickory, beech, and pine. The wal- 
nut and poplar are nearly exhausted, and 
the oak is being cut very fast. There are 
no manufactories in the county except for 
the manufacture of lumber and staves, of 
which a large amount is shipped every year. 



There is one roller mill in the county 
for the manufacture of flour. The county 
has about twenty-five miles of railroad, 
the L. & E. running the entire length, 
which gives good railroad facilities. 

There are no turnpikes in the county, 
but the roads are kept in a reasonably 
good condition under the general road 
law of the State. 

There is an abundance of the finest 
iron ore, coal, and fire-clay, but none of 
them is developed. The natural scenery 
is of the grandest in the State. The av- 
erage price of farm labor is about fifty 
cents per day, with board. 

There are no graded or normal schools 
in the county; the public schools are well 
conducted and well attended. 

Stanton, the county seat, located near 
the center of the county, has a popu- 
lation of about three hundred ; contains 
three hotels, two churches, and four gen- 
eral stores. There are several flourish- 
ing villages in the county. Clay City, the 
most important, is larger than the county 
seat; Bowden, Dundee, and Rosslynn do 
a considerable business. 



io8 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



PULASKI COUNTY 

Population (Census igoo), 31,293. County Seat, Somerset. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, 
Seventeenth Senatorial, and Sixty-eighth 
Legislative Districts. 

Pulaski County was formed from parts 
of Green and Lincoln counties in 1798, 
the first court being held at a point four 
miles southwest of Somerset, about July 
10, lygg. It was named in honor of Count 
Joseph Pulaski, the great Polander. 

Pulaski is the largest county in the 
State, with a length of forty miles from 
north to south and thirty miles from east 
to west. Its principal streams are Cum- 
berland River, which flows through the 
county from east to west, Rockcastle 
River, ou the east, South Fork of the 
Cumberland River on the southwest, and 
Buck, Pitman, and Fishing creeks, which 
flow through the county from north to 
south. 

Coal is mined in the southern and 
southeastern portions of the county. 
That mined in the southern is shipped by 



rail, while that mined in the southeastern 
finds a market down the Cumberland 
River at points in Kentucky and Tennes- 
see. Gas and oil are known to e.xist. 
The timber resources are practically inex- 
haustible. Cumberland River is naviga- 
ble for six months in the year as far as 
Burnside. There are no turnpikes in the 
county, but there is a very good system 
of public roads, kept in good condition by 
local taxation. 

The Cincinnati Southern Railroad cross- 
es the county from north to south, about 
forty miles. 

Somerset, the county seat, centrally 
located on the Cincinnati Southern rail- 
road, is a city of the fourth class. The 
condition of the public schools is good, in 
a few instances supplemented by district 
or local taxation. The county has no 
bonded indebtedness, and the rate of tax- 
ation for county purposes is twenty-two 
and one half cents on the one hundred 
dollars. 



ROBERTSON COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 4,900. County Seat, Mt. Olivet. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth .Appellate. Eighteenth Judicial, Thir- 
teenth Senatorial, and Eighteenth Legisla- 
tive Districts. 

Robertson County is one of the smallest 
counties in the State; was formed in 1867 
from portions of Mason, Fleming, Nicho- 
las, Harrison, and Bracken counties, and 
was named in honor of Chief Justice Rob- 
ertson, of the Court of Appeals. It is in 
the northeastern part of the State. The 
surface of the county is generally rolling, 
yet none of the land is too steep for culti- 
vation; along the larger streams are bot- 



tom lands of unsurpassed fertility. The 
soil of the entire county is of a limestone 
formation with a clay subsoil, enabling it 
to retain moisture, and where it has not 
been abused is productive. The principal 
crops raised in the county are wheat, to- 
bacco, corn, oats, and hay. While the 
yield of wheat and tobacco per acre is not 
as large as in some other counties, yet their 
quality is far above the average in the 
State. 

Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, 
all do well, and the damson is scarcely ex- 
celled anywhere. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



109 



Land is worth from $8 to S50 per acre. 
There are but few foreigners in the county. 
Farm labor is performed by native white 
and colored hands, whose services can be 
obtained for from ten to fifteen dollars per 
month, with board. 

There are no large tracts of timber in 
the county, and the supply may be said 
to be limited to the necessities and demands 
of the county for fuel and repairs to build- 
ing and fencing. 

Main Licking, on the southern border of 
the county, the North Fork, on the west 
and north, and Johnson Creek, running di- 
agonally across the southern part of the 
county, are its principal streams. These, 
with their numerous smaller tributary 
streams, afford abundant water for power 
and domestic purposes. During high 



waters small steamboats have ascended 
main Licking from its mouth at Covington 
and Newport to the Lower Blue Lick 
Springs, a distance of seventy miles. 
There are no railroads in the county. 
There are more than eighty miles of free 
turnpike traversing different parts of the 
county, and all leading to the county seat. 
Good schools and churches are located in 
all sections of the county. There are no 
saloons in the county; 

Mt. Olivet, the county seat, is situated 
in the northern part of the county, and has 
a population of about 800. It has a 
good brick court house, a good jail, five 
churches, a good roller flouring mill, 
lumber and coal yard, six tobacco ware- 
houses, two public schools, one academy, 
twelve stores. 



ROCKCASTLE COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 12,416. County Seat, Mt. Vernon. 



Situated in the Eight Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, 
Seventeenth Senatorial, and Seventieth 
Legislative Districts. 

The county is situated near the central 
portion of the State. Rockcastle River 
flows along its eastern boundary, and Dick's 
River flows through the western and north- 
ern portion of the county, by which, with 
its tributaries, the county is abundantly 
watered and well drained. The soil of 
the county is very strong, and quite pro- 
ductive; its surface is varied in the north- 
east, and the southeast portion of the 
county is rough, very broken, and hilly. 
The land is level and undulating and very 
rich in the western section of the county. 

There are several very fine coal mines 
in active operation in the eastern part of 
the county. The timber supply of the 
county is fairly good, there being consid- 
erable oak, hickory, gum, ash, sugar-tree, 
walnut, and poplar. 

There are no turnpikes in Rockcastle 



County; the public, or county roads are 
the ordinary dirt roads of the county, and 
are kept in very good condition under a 
special road law for the county. 

Tfie Knoxville Branch of the L. & N 
Railroad runs through the county from 
west to east, and through the central por 
tion of the county. The Kentucky Cen 
tral runs through the northeastern part of 
the county, connecting with the L. & N 
at Livingston, near the Rockcastle River, 

The staple products of the farms are 
corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and tur- 
nips. The grasses mostly cultivated are 
timothy, bluegrass, red top, orchard grass 
and clover. 

The county has a good court house and 
other county buildings; good churches are 
scattered over the county, and the peo- 
ple are quiet, law-abiding. God-fearing 
people. The common schools of the 
county are well attended and have very 
good teachers; the districts have fairly 
good school houses in them, and we are 



I lO 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



improving all along the line, in the matter 
of schools, each year. 

Mt. Vernon is the county seat of Rock- 
castle County, and is situated in the cen- 
ter of the county on the Knoxville Branch 
of the L. & N. Railroad. It is a nice 



little village with a population of five or 
six hundred, enterprising merchants, and 
a good hotel, churches, and school houses. 
There is a handsome college building here 
now, and a good school is well conducted 
in it. 



ROWAN COUNTY 



PopUL.'iTiON (Census 1900), 8,277. County Seat, Morehead. 



Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 
Sixth Appellate, Twenty-first Judicial, 
Thirty-fifth Senatorial, and Ninety-fourth 
Legislative Districts. 

The county was formed in 1856, out of 
parts of Fleming and Morgan counties, 
and named in honor of Judge John Rowan, 
the distinguished jurist. The Licking 
River and Triplett Creek, with their tri- 
butaries, drain the whole of the county. 
The Licking forms the southern and west- 
ers boundaries for a distance of about one 
hundred miles. The Licking is navigable 
for small boats during the spring season 
while the water is high. 

Tie soil of Rowan is generally fertile, 
producing fine crops of corn, oats, and al- 
ways extensive crops of watermelons of 
the very finest quality. Grasses are 
raised in abundance; such as timothy, 
clover, herd grass, and millet are the prin- 
cipal grasses. Where tobacco has been 
raised the soil produces a very fine and 
abundant quality. 

In the county are located two very large 
and extensive mills for sawing and dress- 
ing stone. There are a number of stone 
quarries containing from six to eight strata 
of stone ranging from three inches to three 
feet thick. These quarries dress and ship 
stone to all parts of the United States. 
The stone produced from the quarries of 
this county is the very finest for build- 



ing and bridge purposes, owing to its 
durability. 

The forests of the county abound with 
extensive timber of the oak, poplar, pine, 
walnut, ash, and many other species of 
timber valuable for building purposes. 
The lumber trade is one of the most ex- 
tensive industries of the county, lumber 
being shipped in both rough and dressed 
forms. 

The county has a good system of public 
dirt roads, kept up by the county and the 
citizens living along said roads. There is 
no taxation for roads in the county. 

There are eighteen miles of railroad in 
the county, running from east to west; also 
about six miles of narrow gauge road 
built in the county, known as the Triplet & 
Big Sandy Railroad. 

Morehead is the county seat of Rowan, 
and is situated midway between Lexington 
and Huntington, on the C. & O. Railroad. 
It has about 1,200 inhabitants, and con- 
tains a number of large dry goods and 
other stores. There is also a college 
known as "The Morehead Normal." 
Morehead has three churches, viz.. Bap- 
tist, M. E. South, and a union church 
house. 

The county has no indebtedness, either 
bonded or otherwise. Her rate of taxa- 
tion for county purposes is fifty cents per 
hundred. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



I I I 



RUSSELL COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 9,695. County Seat, Jamestown. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, 
Sixteenth Senatorial, and Forty-third Leg- 
islative Districts. 

Russell County was formed from the 
county of Adair in 1825. It lies in the 
southern portion of the State. The Cum- 
berland River flows through the southern 
part of the county for a distance of fifty 
miles or more. This stream is ordinarily 
navigable for steamboats four or five 
months of each year. 

The soil along the Cumberland River, 
€specially the iirst bottoms, is very pro- 
ductive; so also is that of the lower courses 
of its tributaries, producing good crops of 
peas, corn, sweet potatoes, and millet. 

One of the most important industries 



in the county is the raising of fowls, espe- 
cially chickens. 

There is a great deal of black oak in 
the county. Considerable quantities of 
chestnut are still to be found on the up- 
lands; cedar, too, on the river and creek 
hills. 

Perhaps the most remarkable natural 
curiosity in Russell County is what is 
known as the Rock House. On the Cum- 
berland River, about a mile below the 
village of Creelsboro, there is an opening 
clear through the cliff, forming an immense 
chamber. 

Jamestown, the county seat, and Russell 
Springs are the two largest towns. 

The common schools of this county are 
in a fairly good condition. 



SCOTT COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 18,076. County Seat, Georgetown. 



Scott County is situated in the Seventh 
Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Four- 
teenth Judicial, Twenty-second Senatorial, 
and Fifty-eighth Legislative Districts. 

The county is situated in middle north- 
ern Kentucky, and was organized in 1792. 

Scott County has over two hundred 
miles of turnpikes. These pikes traverse 
every part of the county. The roads other 
than turnpikes are the common dirt roads of 
the county, which are worked and kept up 
under the supervision of road surveyors 
appointed by the county court, under the 
general road laws of the State. There 
are nearly fifty miles of railroad com- 
pleted and in operation in this county. 
The Cincinnati Southern, L. & N., Louis- 
ville Southern, and the Kentucky Midland 
all own and operate some road in this 
county. 

The staples of the Scott County farm 



are corn, wheat, hay, hemp, oats, and 
tobacco; a large surplus of all are raised 
for market. 

The common schools of the county are 
in a flourishing condition, and are largely 
attended and under superior management, 
and provided with good and competent 
teachers. Each school district has a 
good school house and is provided with all 
the modern appliances for teaching. 

Georgetown is the county seat of Scott 
County. It is situated in the southern 
part of the county on the bank of North 
Elkhorn. It is also on the Cincinnati 
Southern and the Kentucky Midland rail- 
roads. It is a flourishing city, a seat of 
learning, with many good schools and 
handsome churches. It has electric light 
and gas plants, water-works and telephone 
exchange, and all the modern conven- 
iences of a city. 



112 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



SHELBY COUNT Y 

Population (Census 1900), 18,340. County Seat, Shelhyville. 



Situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Third Appellate. Twelftli Judicial, Four- 
teenth Senatorial, and Fifty-fifth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Shelby County was named in honor of 
the first governor of Kentucky, General 
Isaac Shelby. It is one of the largest 
and best counties in the State. All of 
the county is good blnegrass land, and is 
adapted to raising hemp ; two thirds of 
the county is adapted to raising Burley 
tobacco. 

It was one of the first counties to adopt 
generally the share system. Under this 
liberal system great prosperity has come 
to the laboring classes. 

The dair}' interest is a very important 
one in Shelby Count}'. In the western 
part of the county along the railroad line 
there are a large number of successful 
dairies. Shelby County is noted for the 
interest manifested by her people in 
higher education. The schools and 
churches are located in all parts of the 
county. There is a very fine college for 



girls located in Shelhyville, which is- 
extensively patronized by the people of 
the county. 

The transportation facilities of the 
county are first class. The Louisville & 
Nashville, Southern, and Chesapeake & 
Ohio railroads all run trains throut;h the 
county. There is also a branch railroad 
from Shelhyville to Bloomfield. 

Shelhyville, the county seat, is a thriv- 
ing city of nearly 5,000 inhabitants. It 
is supplied with all the modern conven- 
iences in the way of lighting plants, 
water-works, telephone exchange, etc. 

Its school facilities, as well as the 
school facilities of the entire county, are 
first class. Shell)yville is situated in one 
of the best agricultural sections of the 
State, and is enjoying a steady growth in 
population and business prosperity. 

Simpsonville, on the Louisville & Nash- 
ville Railroad, is a prosperous little city of 
some 600 inhabitants. Christiansburg, 
Bagdad, Waddy, and Finchville are pros- 
perous towns. 



SIMPSON COUNTY 
PopuL.ATioN (Census igoo), 11,624. County Seat, Franklin. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Seventh Judicial, 
Ninth Senatorial, and Twenty-first Legis- 
lative Districts. 

The county was formed in 1S17 out of 
the counties of .-^Uen on the east, Logan 
on the west, Warren on the north, its 
southern boundary the Tennessee line. 
Later a strip of three miles was added to 
it, taken from Logan County. 

Its topography is generally level or 
slightly undulating, and drained by the 



tributaries of Big Barren River. This 
land is, indeed, valuable for the produc- 
tion of grass; by the use of fertilizing ele- 
ments it yields an abundant crop of 
wheat. Corn, oats, wheat, hay, and 
tobacco are the staples. 

The principal stream of water is 
Drake's Creek, the western fork of Barren 
River. This stream runs nearly through 
the center of the county, north and south, 
parallel with the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad and turnpike. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



113 



A variety of timber is found here. 
Oak and hickory are the principal 
growths. 

Many wells and a few springs of mineral 
water, of sulphur and iron (chalybeate 
water), are distributed over the county, 
notably a well in the county seat, Frank- 
lin. This water is used largely for medici- 
nal purposes. 

There is only one railroad in Simpson 
County — the Louisville & Nashville rail- 
road. Only one turnpike, known as the 



L. & N. pike. Both of these run through 
the center of the county sixteen miles, as 
intimated, parallel with Drake's Creek. 

Public schools are maintained by the 
State in all the school districts, mostly 
for six months in the year. 

Franklin, the county seat, is six miles 
north of the Tennessee line, on the Louis- 
ville & Nashville Railroad. For its sani- 
tary and hygienic facilities, its location is 
unexcelled. The population of Franklin 
is three thousand. 



SPENCER COUNTY 



PopL-LATiON (Census 1900), 7,406. County Seat, Taylorsville. 



Situated in the Eighth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Four- 
teenth Senatorial, and Forty-first Legis- 
lative Districts. 

The county was created in 1824 out of 
parts taken from Bullitt, Nelson, and 
Shelby counties, being the seventy- 
seventh county, and was so called in honor 
of Captain Spear Spencer, the gallant 
young Kentucky hero, who fell at the bat- 
tle of Tippecanoe, November 7, i8ii. 

The county affords variety in soil and 
location. The eastern end of the county 
is rolling or quite hilly. These hill lands 
are very fine for tobacco, and have placed 
Spencer County in the very forefront in 
the tobacco markets. For fruit they are 
also well adapted, the apple tree and 
grapevine being especially vigorous and 
productive. About thirty per cent of 
the timber remains. It consists chiefly 
of walnut, poplar, oak, and beech, with 
a good supply of maple, ash, elm. hickory, 
cherry, etc. 

The school facilities and interest in 
educational matters are well up to the 
State standard, the whole county work- 
ing under the public school system for 



five months, and most of the schools 
being continued for another five months by 
private subscription. 

Spencer's exports are principally horses, 
mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, eggs, 
tobacco, wheat, corn, and fruit. The C. 
& O. railroad (northern division) runs 
across the center of the county from east 
to west, a distance of twelve miles. 

The county has seventy miles of turn- 
pikes within its borders, but did not con- 
tribute to their construction and does not 
o%vn any stock in them. County roads 
are plentiful and kept in fairly good condi- 
tion without taxation for that purpose. 

Salt River runs through the central 
portion of the county from east to west, 
and is at times navigable for flatboats and 
rafts. Brasher's, Simpson, Big and 
Little Beech, and Plumb creeks are large 
streams, affording ample water supply 
and the finest water power available for 
running machinery, etc. 

There has been very little immigration 
to the county until quite recently. 

Taylorsville is the county seat, and 
has made notable progress in the last two 
years. 



114 



COMMERCIAL G K O W T H 



TAYLOR COUNTY 
Population (Censis 1900), 11,075. Cointv Seat, Campbellsville. 



Situated in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, 
Fifteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-eighth 
Legislative Districts. 

In the year 1S4S, Taylor County was 
formed out of the northern portion of 
Green County, and Campbellsville was 
made its couuty seat. It is located 
almost in the central part of the State, and 
is bounded on the north by Marion 
County, on the west by Larue County, on 
the south by Green County, and on the 
east by Casey and Adair counties. The 
central portion, which is in and around 
the county seat, is rolling, while the 
extreme eastern and western portions are 
very hilly. The county has an abun- 
dance of water, but no navigable streams. 
Green River and Robinson Creek run 
through tlie eastern part and Pitman 
Creek and Brush Creek run through the 
western part, and all of them in a south- 
erly direction. The soil along these 
streams is very fertile and is especiallv 
adapted to raising corn, while in the 
central portion of the county the soil is 
not so strong, but is especially adapted 
to wheat. But very little tobacco, com- 
pared with other counties, is grown in 
Taylor County, because the land is so 
much better adapted to corn and wheat. 
There is no soil in the State more suitable 
for raising watermelons than on tlie waters 
of Robinson Creek. In the extreme west- 
ern portion of the county the soil is suited 
to sorghum. 

There is a great deal of timber in 



Taylor County, and it is now being hauled 
to the market in form of staves and 
lumber at a very rapid rate. There is 
some poplar and walnut, but the bulk of 
the timber is oak. There are a number 
of saw mills in the county and they are 
fast cutting out the timber. 

One railroad, the C. & O. Division of 
the Louisville & Nashville, furnishes all 
the transportation facilities. The public 
road system of the county is now on a 
good basis, though it has only about 
fifty miles of macadamized road main- 
tained by toll gates, and the roads other 
than macadam are maintained mostly by 
appropriations. The labor of the county 
is mostly white, but there are some 
negroes. The average price per month 
for farm hands is ? i o and board and S i 5 
without board. 

\o county in the State has better 
eJucational facilities than Taylor County. 
There are fifty-two common (white) 
schools in the county, one college, 
one academy, and five or six private 
schools. 

The county seat, Campbellsville, is 
the largest city in the county, being a city 
of the fifth class, and situated in the 
central portion of the county. It has 
five white churches : Baptist, Methodist, 
Presbyterian, Christian, and Catholic. 
Three colored churches : Baptist, Metho- 
dist, and Presbyterian : five schools, one 
cigar factory, two newspapers, and busi- 
ness houses that are not excelled by any 
citv of the fifth class in the State. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



115 



TODD COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 17,371. County Seat, Elkton. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Seventh Judicial, 
Ninth Senatorial, and Nineteenth Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Todd County lies along the Tennessee 
line, in the southern part of the State. It 
was formed in the year i8ig,and taken 
from the counties of Logan and Christian, 
and named in honor of Colonel John Todd, 
who fell in the battle of the Lower Blue 
Licks in August, 1782. 

The greatest portion of the surface of 
the county is level, the central or middle 
portion being broken and hilly. The 
county is well watered and drained. 
Cliffy Creek and Pond River drain the 
northern section, and the tributaries of 
Red River and the Lower Cumberland 
drain the southern part of the county. 
The soil is strong and productive, 
especially in the northern and southern 
sections. The hilly land in the central 
portion of the county is not so fertile, 
but all of it produces good grass for 
pastures. 

The staples of the Todd County farm 
are corn, wheat, hay, and tobacco, a 
surplus of all being raised. This county 
is noted for its fine tobacco, and for many 
years it was the leading staple of the 
farm, and while large quantities are now 
being raised farmers are turning their 
attention to the raising of grain much 
more than formerly, and to the raising of 
stock — cattle, horses, sheep, mules, and 
hogs. Fertilizers are fast bringing out 
the thin sections of the county, and are 



used more and more each year, with the 
best results. The labor of the farm is 
performed by native white and colored 
hands, and their services can be had for 
from ?io to ?i5 per month and board. 

The timber supply of Todd is fast 
disappearing, only about one twelfth of 
the original forests remaining. Oak is 
found in larger tracts than other timber; 
there is also some poplar, beech, and 
walnut to be found. There are no navi- 
gable streams in the county. 

There are about thirty-two miles ot 
completed railroads in operation in the 
county. The Memphis branch of the 
L. & N. passes through the county and a 
branch runs from Guthrie to Elkton. 

The county has four miles of free turn- 
pike road. The county roads are the 
common dirt roads, and they are kept in 
fair repair by the old system of overseers 
and warning-out hands. 

The school facilities of the county are 
those furnished by the common school 
system. The schools are in a good condi- 
tion, well attended, and under good manage- 
ment. Each district has a good, comfort- 
able school house, and good teachers are 
provided. 

Elkton, the county seat, is situated 
a little soutfi of the center of the county. 
It is the terminus of the Elkton & Guthrie 
railroad, which connects it with the 
Memphis branch of the Louisville & 
Nashville road. It is a flourishing town 
with churches and good schools, business 
houses, and newspapers. 



ii6 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



TRIGG COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 14,073. County Seat, Cadiz. 



Situated in the First Congressional, 
First Appellate, Third Judicial, Third 
Senatorial, and Eighth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

Trigg County is situated in south- 
western Kentucky, and was made a 
county in 1820. The county was named 
in honor of Colonel Stephen Trigg, a 
pioneer and Indian fighter of the earliest 
days of Kentucky. The county is drained 
by the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers 
and their tributaries. The Tennessee 
forms the western boundary of the county, 
and the Cumberland River flows through 
the entire county from north to south. 
The soil of the county is about equally- 
divided between good and bad; about one 
half is first-class farming land and the 
other half is valuable because of its 
deposits of iron ore. There is no finer 
farming land to be found anywhere than 
the rich river bottoms of this county, 
strong, fertile, and very productive. 

The deposits of iron ore are well-nigh 
inexhaustible, and the quality is the very 
best. There is plenty of good timber, 
such as walnut, hickory, oak, cherry, 
poplar, and ash, to be had in the county. 
There is but little attention paid to diver- 
sified farming because of insufficient 
means of transporting such products to 
market. The Tennessee and Cumber- 
land rivers afford good facilities for water 
transportation. 



There are about thirty-five miles of 
turnpikes in the county, about twenty 
miles free of tolls. The public roads 
other than turnpikes are the common dirt 
roads, kept up by the county under the 
general road laws of the State. There 
are only a few miles of railroads in this 
county, running across the northeast 
corner of the county. The products of 
the farms are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and 
tobacco. All the grasses grow well in 
this county, but clover is considered as 
the best adapted to the soil. 

Labor on the farm is performed mostly 
by native white and colored hands, who 
can be employed for from Sio to Si 5 a 
month, with board furnished them. Good 
churches can be found in all parts of the 
county. The common schools are in a 
flourishing condition and under good 
management. Each district has a good 
school house, provided with all the modern 
appliances for teaching and under the 
control of competent teachers. 

Cadiz, the county seat, is situated in the 
northeastern part of the county, on the 
northern bank of Little River, which is 
navigable for small vessels for about 
twenty miles. The city of Cadiz has 
recently completed a railroad from Cadiz 
to Gracey, which will add materially to 
the business of Trigg County. Cadiz is a 
pleasant little village with enterprising 
merchants, good churches, and schools. 



TRIMBLE COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 7,272. County Seat, Bedford. 



Situated in the Sixth Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twenty- 
first Senatorial, and Fift\'-second Legis- 
lative Districts. 

Trimble County, the eighty-sixth in 
order of formation, was established in 



1837 from parts of the counties of Galla- 
tin, Henry, and Oldham, and was named 
in honor of Judge Robert Trimble. 
When first formed the extreme north- 
eastern corner extended to the Big Ken- 
tucky River, but cjuite a large portion of 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



117 



this section was cut off in the following 
year (1838) in the formation of Carroll 
County. The Ohio River forms the 
northern and western boundaries of the 
county, a distance of about twenty miles, 
and is the only navigable stream within 
or on the border of the county. The 
Little Kentucky River, Corn Creek, Bare- 
bone Creek, Middle Creek, Patton's Creek, 
and Spring Creek are the chief water- 
courses. 

The land is either freestone or lime- 
stone land, the limestone portion being 
more productive than the freestone, the 
freestone, however, being better adapted 
to fruit growing. General farm products 
are raised, but the chief exports are 
tobacco, wheat, and corn, tobacco being 
the greatest source of income. Red 
clover and timothy in the meadows, white 
clover and bluegrass in the pasture lands 
are the principal grasses grown. Stock- 



raising is engaged in to a considerable 
extent, and is a source of no little income 
to the county. 

Probably ten per cent of the original 
timber growth remains. The principal 
species of timber available for lumber 
purposes are beech, oak, poplar, walnut, 
ash, lynn, sugar-maple, and elm. 

There are no educational institutions 
in the county other than the public 
schools, and usually a private school for 
the higher branches, at Bedford. These 
schools are in good condition, a marked 
progress having been made in the educa- 
tional line during the last ten years. A 
number of the districts supplement the 
public fund by subscription. 

Bedford, situated near the center of 
the county, is the county seat, and owing 
to its central location is quite a business 
place for its size. It has a population of 
a little over three hundred. 



UNION COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 21,326. County Seat, Morganfield. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
First Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fifth 
Senatorial, and Fourteenth Legislative 
Districts. 

The county in its present shape, since 
a portion of Webster County was cut off, 
in i860, from Half Moon Lick on Trade- 
water to White Lick on Highland Creek, 
contains about 210,000 acres. 

Union County has forty-three miles of 
border on the Ohio River, which gives 
her great shipping advantages. She also 
has the Illinois Central Railroad running 
from Evansville, Indiana, to Hopkinsville, 
Kentucky, and it so runs through Union 
County that any one in the county is in 
twelve miles of the same. 

The county is rich in mineral deposits. 
There are now two coal mines operated at 
Uniontown, two at Spring Grove, one at 



DeKoven, and some four or five in and 
near Sturgis. 

Lands in the county are mostly 
improved, and many of the farms are as 
good as can be found in any portion of 
the State. Nearly all the timber is gone; 
some oak, some poplar, and some cypress 
yet remain. 

Morganfield has been the county seat 
since May, 1811, when the county was 
established. It has something over 2,000 
inhabitants, a good graded school, with 
over five hundred enrolled students. Also 
eight churches (five for white and three 
for colored members), two well-conducted 
banks, city water-works, and ice plant of 
large capacity, an electric light plant, 
two hotels, blacksmith shops and machine 
shops, and other manufacturing establish- 
ments of various kinds. 



ii8 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



WARREN COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 29,970. County Seat, Bowling Green. 



Situated in the Third Congressional, 
Second Appellate, Eighth Judicial. 
Eleventh Senatorial, and Tweuty-third 
and Twenty-fourth Legislative Districts. 

Warren County was formed from 
Logan County in 1796. It was the 
twenty-fourth county formed, and was 
named after General Joseph Warren, 
who fell at Bunker Hill. It lies in the 
southern part of the State. 

The topography is gently undulating, 
the altitudes run from four hundred and 
thirty-two feet, the level of the rail at 
Bowling Green, to more than eight hun- 
dred feet on the top of Chester Capped 
Hills of north Warren. 

It has two navigable streams. Green 
and Barren rivers, which communicate 
with the Ohio. In addition to these it is 
splendidly watered by Gasper River, 
Drake's Creek, Trammel, Indian and 
Bay's Fork creeks, and their numerous 
tributaries. 

The soils are of many kinds, and vary 
from the most fertile alluvial to the leaner 
sandstone soils, including the calcareous 
or limestone, which covers three fourths 
of the county. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
all the grasses, tobacco, together with all 
the vegetables and fruit common to this 
latitude, are grown here in abundance. 

All the hardwood and other timbers, 
amounting to one hundred and fifty 
species, are found in the county. 



The minerals are coal, bituminous sand- 
stone or Kentucky asphalt, iron ore, and 
traces of lead. The Kentucky asphalt is 
being largely developed. Vitrified brick 
clays are found in great quantities. 

There are eight hundred miles of public 
roads in the county. There are nearly 
one hundred and fifty miles of free mac- 
adamized roads running in every direction 
from the county seat. 

Labor ranges from fifty cents a day for 
farmhands to S3. 50 for skilled artisans, 
depending on the skill required. The 
farm labor is principally negro. 

The educational facilities are equal to 
those of any part of the country. The 
common scliools are the best to be found 
in the State, and are under the manage- 
ment of competent teachers. Each dis- 
trict has a comfortable school house, pro- 
vided with modern appliances for teaching. 

Bowling Green, the county seat, has 
nearly 10,000 inhabitants, and is a 
thrifty, healthy, growing town. 

Already in the immediate vicinity of 
the city are to be seen large patches of 
small fruits ready for the market and 
factory, while in the county more remote 
are most splendid orchards, capable of 
producing plenty of fruit to employ 
canneries. There are several progressive 
villages in the county: the most important 
are Smith's Grove, Woodburn, and Rich 
Pond. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY 

Population (Census igoo), 14,182. County Seat, Springfield. 



Located in the Fourth Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, 
Fifteenth Senatorial, and Forty-second 
Legislative Districts. 

The county was the first of the nine 
counties organized when Kentucky was 



admitted into the Federal Union as a 
State, 1792. Up to that time the county 
of Kentucky had been subdivided into 
seven counties of Virginia. Washington 
Countj' was the first piece of territory 
named for the illustrious George Washing- 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



119 



ton. Its area is three hundred square 
miles: population 14,182. It covers a 
part of the Salt River plateau, and is 
drained by Chaplin River, the Little and 
Big Beech forks. Glen's Creek, Cart- 
right's Creek, and Hardin's Creek and 
their tributaries. 

The surface of the county has a 
general dip from southeast to north 
and west, this determining the direc- 
tion of its streams; is beautifully 
undulating, in localities really pic- 
turesque. In the native forests are 
embraced nearly all the species and vari- 
eties of the trees of Kentucky — poplars, 
oaks, ash, beech, wild cherry, walnuts, 
hickories, maples, mulberries, and black 
locusts. There are more than half a 
hundred indigenous species, some of them 
growing to a great altitude and size. 

The rich alluvial surface soil, being 
continually supplied with lime by natural 
disintegration, has made Washington 
County very productive of all the ordinary 



crops and grasses ; Indian corn, white 
Burley tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, 
timothy, bluegrass, clover, and orchard 
grass are all produced in abundance. 

Washington County has nearly three 
hundred miles of macadamized and 
graveled roads, all now free to the public 
travel. She has but eleven miles of rail- 
road, the Bardstown & Springfield 
branch, terminating at Springfield. 

Her public buildings are good. The 
county is dotted over with comfortable 
and some of them beautiful country 
homes, surrounded by orchards and gar- 
dens, yielding the finest quality of fruits, 
berries, and all the garden vegetables 
peculiar to this climate. 

Springfield, the county seat, has two 
banks and some as handsome and com- 
modious stores as are found in the 
interior. Her merchants are eminently 
reliable and enterprising. There are 
good stores in every voting precinct of the 
county. 



WAYNE COUNTY 

Population (Census 1900), 14,892. County Seat, Monticello. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, 
Sixteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-si.xth 
Legislative Districts. 

The county was formed in 1800 from 
the parts of Pulaski and Cumberland 
counties. It is situated in the southeast 
middle portion of the State, and is watered 
by the Cumberland River and tributaries, 
the south fork of the Cumberland passing 
entirely through the county. The Cumber- 
land River forms the most of the northern 
boundary. 

Much of the surface of the county is 
broken with hills, but the valley lands, 
which are extensive, are fertile and 
productive, the soil very generally based 
upon limestone. 



No county in the State has such a 
favorable distribution of mineral and 
farming lands. Stock raising is very 
popular among the farmers, and many 
thousands of hogs, cattle, sheep, and 
mules are annually marketed. 

The coal fields cover about one half of 
the county. Beside the five sub-conglom- 
erate coal veins, the large beds of the 
upper coal measures show themselves in 
the southeast corner of the county. 

Sandstone, ripple-marked and fine- 
grained, in eight-inch laj'ers, and quarry- 
ing in ten-foot slabs, admirably adapted 
for building purposes, is found west of 
Dick's Jumps in a ridge of Turkey Creek. 
Iron ore is found all over the coal region, 
in some places strewn over the tops of the 



I20 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



ridges, in others in lielts near the coal 
beds. 

A fine ijnality of lubricating oil has 
been found in large quantities, and there 
are now in the county a great many 
producing wells. 

Throughout the eastern portion of the 
county much fine poplar and oak timber 
is found. 



Monticello, the county seat, is a beauti- 
ful village, situated at the junction of two 
extensive and fertile valleys in the north- 
central part of the county. This town is 
developing a rapid and healthy growth. 
It is connected with surrounding towns 
by telephone and the Cincinnati Southern 
Railroad, and a splendid pike connects 
it with Burnside, twenty miles away. 



WEBSTER COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 20,097. County Seat, Dixon. 



Situated in the Second Congressional, 
First Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fourth 
Senatorial, and Twelfth Legislative Dis- 
tricts. 

The couaty is situated in the western 
part of the State, and was formed in 
i860 of portions of Hopkins, Henderson, 
and Union counties, and contains about 
four hundred square miles. 

The central portion of the county is 
moderately broken, but the greater part 
of the northern and southern portion is 
comparatively level. 

Green River, which bounds the north- 
ern portion of the county for a distance 
of twelve miles, is a navigable stream, 
and considerable business is carried on 
by its means. 

Tradewater River, which forms the 
southwestern boundary of the county for 
a distance of twelve miles, is navigable for 
small steamers during a portion of the 
year. 

The soil of Webster County is generally 
very fertile and adapted to corn, wheat, 
tobacco, etc., especially the latter, great 
quantities of which are put as strips and 
shipped to foreign markets. 



There are vast quantities of excellent 
timber in this county, consisting of white 
oak, black oak, poplar, and sweet gum. 

While there are large quantities of 
building stone in the county, the principal 
mineral deposit is coal. 

The Louisville &' Nashville Railroad 
traverses the eastern portion of the county 
for a distance of twelve or thirteen miles. 
There is also a branch of the same road 
running from Madisonville, Hopkins 
County, to Providence, this county, 
and a branch of the Illinois Central runs 
from Blackford, on Tradewater, to Di.\on, 
the county seat, a distance of eighteen 
miles. 

In addition to the public common 
schools of the county there are several 
graded schools at various points, viz. : 
One at Providence, Dixon, Sebree, 
Slaughtersville, and Claysville, all of 
which have a large attendance. 

Dixon, the county seat, is pleasantly 
situated on a moderately elevated plateau 
in the central portion of the county, and 
in addition to the public buildings has a 
large flouring mill, four dry goods stores, 
and other business houses. 



STATE OF KENTUCKY 



121 



WHITLEY COUNTY 

Population (Census igoo), 25,015. County Seat, Williamsburg. 



Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, 
Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, 
Seventeenth Senatorial, and Sixty-nintli 
Legislative Districts. 

The General Assembly, in an act 
approved February 16, 18 18, created the 
county of Whitley, which was then a part 
of Knox. Whitley County was the fifty- 
ninth county formed in the State. Wil- 
liamsburg, the county seat, and the 
county itself, were named in honor of 
Colonel William Whitley. 

The surface is mountainous, the alti- 
tude being in the neighborhood of a 
thousand feet above the sea level. The 
principal mountains are Jellico Mountain, 
Heckler's Knob, Pine Mountain, and 
Patterson and Poplar Creek mountains. 
The county is well watered by the 
Cumberland and its tributaries. 

There are about sixty miles of com- 
pleted railway in Whitley. The Louis- 
ville & Nashville runs from north to south 
through the entire length of the county, 
while the Cumberland Valley branch 
passes through the northeast corner. 
The C, N. O. & T. P. passes through 
the west end of the county for a distance 
of ten miles. The Jellico, Birdeye & 



Northern, a road of eight miles, ex- 
tends from Jellico, Ky., to the mines at 
Halsey. 

The leading resources of the county 
are its minerals and its timbers. In 
addition to its vast paying coal fields, 
now worked by seventeen mines, immense 
quantities of soapstone and blue clay are 
found. It timber lands are almost inex- 
haustible. 

Schools have been established in 
twenty districts in the county for both 
white and colored children. Each district 
has its own school house, and all are 
under the ablest of management and in a 
flourishing condition. 

Williamsburg, the county seat, is 
situated on the west bank of the Cumber- 
land River, near the center of the county. 
It has a population estimated at 2,000, 
with railroad facilities, six schools, besides 
the academy and institute; four religious 
denominations represented by churches — 
Baptists, Methodists, Disciples, and Con- 
gregationalists, and an energetic county 
government. The court house, situated 
here, is considered one of the most sub- 
stantial and best arranged in Southeastern 
Kentucky. 



WOLFE COUNTY 



Population (Census igoo), 8,764. County Seat, Campton. 



Situated in the Tenth Congressional, 
Seventh Appellate, Twenty-third Judicial, 
Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Ninety-first 
Legislative Districts. 

Wolfe is in middle eastern Kentucky, 
and was made a county in r86o. It was 
formed out of territory taken from the 
■counties of Morgan, Breathitt, Owsley, 



and Powell, and was named in honor of 
Nathaniel Wolfe, a prominent attorney of 
Louisville. 

The North Fork of the Kentucky River 
flows along the western and southern 
boundaries; Red River flows through the 
county from east to west, and the numer- 
ous tributaries flowing into these two 



122 



COMMERCIAL GROWTH 



livers afford very perfect drainage for 
the county, besides furnishing an abun- 
dant water supply. The North Fork of the 
Kentucky River is navigable for boats and 
rafts or fleets of timber during a great 
portion of the year. 

The soil of this county is good, and 
adapted to corn, wheat, rye, oats, 
sorghum, potatoes, vegetables, and fruits 
of all kinds. 

This county is well adapted to stock 
raising, especially sheep, hogs, and 
cattle. It is well timbered ; large areas 
of it are still covered by fine timber ; the 
principal kinds are oak, poplar, walnut, 
chestnut, beech, pine, and maple. 

The greater part of this county is 
underlaid with veins of bituminous and 
canuel coal, ranging from two to six feet 
in thickness. 



This county affords many good loca- 
tions for mills and factories. One railroad, 
the L. & E., touches this county, and 
runs along just in the edge of the county 
for a distance of about ten miles. 

There are a great many public roads in 
this county, which are excellent during the 
dry season; they are maintained under 
the general laws of the State. 

Farm labor is performed by native 
white and colored hands, and their 
services can be had for from ?io to $15 
per month, with board. 

Cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs are 
raised. Nearly all kinds of grasses grow 
well, especially clover, timothy, red top, 
orchard, and English bluegrass are well 
adapted to the soil. 

Good schools and churches are located 
in all parts of the county. 



WOODFORD COUNTY 



Population (Census 1900), 13,134. County Seat, Versailles. 



Situated in the Seventh Congressional, 
Fifth Appellate, Fourteenth Judicial, 
Twenty-second Senatorial, and Fifty- 
ninth Legislative Districts. 

The county was named in honor of 
General William Woodford, and was 
formed in 1789. South Elkhorn Creek 
separates it from Scott, and the Kentucky 
River forms its entire south and west 
boundary line for a distance of thirty-five 
miles. In shape the county bears a 
remarkable resemblance to the State. 
Woodford embraces an area of about one 
hundred and eighty-five square miles. 
Its surface is generally level or gently 
undulating, except near the banks of the 
river. In addition to the streams already 
named, the county is watered by numer- 
ous creeks and springs. 

The leading crops grown are corn, 
wheat, tobacco, hemp, barley, rye, oats, 



clover, timothy, and bluegrass. Quanti- 
ties of these are exported, as also blooded 
trotting, running, and saddle horses, 
mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs. 

The main branch of the Southern Rail- 
way in Kentucky, from Lexington to 
Louisville, passes through the center of 
the county, and at Versailles is joined by 
the Versailles & Midway branch, and 
taps the Cincinnati Southern Railroad at 
Georgetown, Kentucky ; the Louisville & 
Atlantic Railroad is in operation from 
Versailles to BeattyviUe. The Louisville 
& Nashville Railroad traverses the 
northern end of the county, passing 
through Midway. The Kentucky River 
is navigable the entire length of the 
county. 

Lead mines in the southwestern part of 
the county, near the Kentucky River, 
are being worked upon a small scale. 



ST ATE O F K ENT UC K Y I 23 

Versailles, the cuuiity seat of Wood- couple of tobacco rehaudling warehouses, 

ford Count)', is an attractive city of over and a grain elevator give employment to 

3,000 inhabitants, with a fine hotel, three a number of men. Versailles is lighted 

banks, modern stores, beautiful streets by electric lights, has a good fire depart- 

and residences, handsome churches and ment with steam fire-engine, an ice 

schools, and energetic and progressive factory, and a steam laundry. The town 

business men. A large flouring mill, a is connected with every portion of the 

carriage factory, a wagon factory, a county by telephone. 



/"AX THE PAGES THAT FOLLOW ARE PRESEXTED 
TUE PHOTO-EXGRAVrXGS OF SOME KEXTUCK- 
lAKS WHO HAVE LAHORED FOR THE BUILDING UP 
OF THE STATE. SOME HAVE LABORED IN HIGH 
OFFICES OF PUBLIC TRUST- IX THE GUBERNATO- 
RIAL CHAIR, ON THE BENCH. IN THE PULPIT, AND 
AT THE BAR. SOME HAVE LABORED IN PLACES MORE 
OBSCURE, BUT THEIR WORK WAS NOT LESS IM- 
PORTANT -IN THE FIELDS, STORES, MARKET PLACES, 
.\ND WHEREVER BUSINESS IS NAMED. 

PRAISE GOD ALL HAVE L.\BORED WELL. 




J. C. W. BECKHAM 
Present Governor of Kentucky, Frankfort. Ky. 




CHAS. B. NORTON 
President Louisville Commercial Club. 1902-03. 





J. J. SAUNDERS 
Vice-President Louisville Commercial Club. 1902-3. 



J. C. VAN PELT 

For six years he has rendered faithful service as 

Secretar>' of Louisville Commercial Club. 






WILLIAM LINDSAY 

Lawyer, Jurist, and Statesman: member United 

States Senate 1895-1901, Frankfort. K.v. 



WILLIAM O. BRADLEY 
Governor of Kentucky 189.5-99. Louisville, Ky. 





JOHN YOUNG BROWN 

Governor of Kentucky 1891-95. Louisville, Ky. 



HENRY WATTERSON 

Editor Courier-Journal; Ex-Member Congress; 

lAuthor, Lecturer, and Statesman, 

Louisville, Ky. 





WALTER S. ADAMS 
Real Estate and Financial Broker: projected larse 
investment properties: financed the con- 
solidation of the brick companies 
known as the Hydraulic Brick 
Co.. Louisville. Ky. 



THOS. N. ARNOLD 
Christian Minister. Frankfort. Ky.: Graduate Bethany 
College ISIS: later attended Law Schools in Lex- 
ington and Louisville: cntennl Christian 
Ministry 1S56: has held pastor- 
ates in Richmond. Va., 
Louisville and 
Lexington. 
Kj-. 





J. EMBRY ALLEN 

Prominent Lawj-er; formerly Major in Kentucky State 

Guard: ser^•ed as Major of Volunteers in War 

with Spain: State Senator in sessions 

of 1900 and 1902. and youngest 

member of that bod}-. 



SAMUEL AVRITT 
La«->er. Louisrille. Ky. 





GEORGE L. ALLISTON 

Prominent Merchant, Farmer, and Live Stock 

Trader, Bayou. Ky, 



Dr. L. a. ARCHIBALD 

Prominent Physician and President Farmers and 

Merchants Bank. Slaughtersville. Ky. 





Dr. JAMES A. ACTON 
Prominent Physician; formerly teacher in Public 
Schoob; Graduate from University of Louis- 
ville Medical School 1893; hard worker 
and a thorough Christian gentleman. 



Rev. ROBERT LEE BOWMAN 
Treasurer and General Manager Theodore Harris 
Institute. Pineville, Ky.; was educated in 
Danville. Georgetown College and South- 
em Baptist Theological Seminary; 
has been pastor of churches in 
Tennessee and Kentucky 
for twelve years. 





BEN L. BRUNER. A. B.. M. D. 
Vice-President Hardy ville Deposit Bank; foi-mer 
Physician and Surgeon Kentucky Peniten- 
tiary'; First Lieut, and Ass't Surgeon 
Fourth Ky. Vol. Inf.. Spanish-Amer- 
ican War; Member Kentucky 
Legislature. 1902. 



Rev. L. H. BLANTON. LL. D. 
Vice-President New Central University of Kentucky. 
This institution is the result of a consolidation of 
Centre College and Central University of 
Kentucky. The University is one of 
the most complete in its appoint- 
ments and thorough in its 
training in the South. 





Rt. Rev. LEWIS WILLIAM BURTON. D. D. 

Episcopal Bishop (1896) of the Diocese of 

Lexington, Ky.. organized 1895, 

Lexington, Ky. 



ELI H. BROWN 
Lawyer, Owensboro, Ky. 





SAM STONE BUSH 
Financial Agent; Successful Operator in Suburban 
Real Estate: erected the Equitable Building; 
organized and established the Louis- 
ville Bolt and Iron Co., 
Louisville. Ky. 



Rev. ROBT. W. BROWDER. B. D. 
Presiding' Elder Bowling Green District M. E. Church, 
South; President Educational Board Louisville 
Conference, and President Board of 
Managers Smith Grove Train- 
ing School. 





HORATIO W. BRUCE * 
Lawyer; Chief Attorney L. & N. R. R., 
Louisville, Ky. 
* Deceased. 



J. W. BILES 

President The Turney Drier Co.. Manufacturers of 

Drying Machinery and Filter Presses. 





FRANK C. BUTTON 

Principal Morehead Normal School. Morehead. Ky. 

His school is one of the best of its kind 

in the South. 



INKERMAN BAILEY 

Secretary and Treasurer Reinecke Coal Co.. 

Madisonville, Ky. 





R. F. BISHOP 
Treasurer and General Manager Sturgis Milling Co., 
Sturgis, Ky.: Graduate Valparaiso (Ind.) 
School; formerly a successful Rail- 
road and Newspaper Man. 



M. CORTEZ BENNETT 

Prominent Dry Goods Merchant. 

Fulton, Ky. 





^ JAMES BARNSFATHER. A. M.. M. D.. M. P. S. 
G. B.. M. P. S. K. 

Member American Microscopical Society : eminent 
as a Medical Discoverer and Writer. 
Dayton, Ky. 
* Deceased. 



Rev. I. W. BRUNER 

Baptist Minister. Bowling: Green. Ky.; was educated 

under direction of Prof. W. B. Hay ward ; in early 

life he beg'an study of Law, but later abandoned 

it to enter the Ministry, where he has 

proved an eminent success. 





E. H. BROOKSHIER 
Baptist Minister. Bloominprton, Ind.; formerly 
Kentuekian ; preached for churches in Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, and Indiana ; served 
three years as State Missionary; 
built several church edifices. 



WILLIAM G. BUSCHEMEYER 

Manufacturing Jeweler and Diamond Setter, 

Louisville, Ky, 





F. P. BRYANT 

Baptist Minister : has labored for several years under 

auspices of Tate's Creek Association. 



JAMES T. CANNON 

Prominent Merchant. Boyd. Ky. Mr. Cannon was 

educated at Georgeto\vn CoUegre. and be^an 

business in ISSl ; he is one of the 

foremost business men in 

Central Kentucky. 





Rev. B. F. CABELL 
President of Potter College. Bowline Green. Ky.: 
Formerly President Cedar Bluff Colleffe at Wood- 
burn, ky. Potter College is one of the finest 
collegres for higher education of young 
ladies in the South. 



J. GIVENS CRADDOCK 

Editor "Kentuckian Citizen": bom August 28.. 
1S25 : Editor and Writer tifty-five years : Mexican 
War Veteran : Secretary State Society 
;Me.\ican Veterans: former Con- 
federate Guide. Paris. Ky. 





HENRY DICKERSON CLARK 
Minister Christian Church. Mt. Sterling-. Ky.; served 
with distinction in the Civil War; beg-an preach- 
ing in 1864, and has held ehars'es in Illinois, 
Missouri, Maryland, and Kentucky. 



JAMES S. CLARK 

President J. S. Clark Monument Co.. 

Louisville, Ky. 





LILLARD CARTER 
Lawyer; Member of Kentucky Senate. 1898; President 
of Senate. February, 1900; Acting Lieut.-Gov- 
ernor from the death of Gov. Goebel 
until January, 1902, Lawrence- 
burg. Ky. 



J. W. CLARKE 
Prominent Physician, Faith, Ky.; graduated with 
honors Hospital Metlical College at Louisville 
in 1889; Member of Kentucky State Medi- 
cal Society, and Examiner for various 
Insurance Companies. 





J. S. COKE 
Prominent Business Man and Manager Kentucky 
Growers Insurance Co., McBrayer. Ky.: fought 
bravely in Gen. John Morgan's Command dur- 
ing Confederate War ; Moderator for sev- 
eral years of Kentucky Presbytery. 



THOMAS P. CRAIG 

Secretary to Mayor Grainger ; former Secretary 

Board of Public Works. Louisville. Ky. 





H. H. CHERRY 

General Manager Southern Normal School. Bowling 

Green Business College. The National School of 

Telegraphy. Civil Service. Railroading, and 

Express, Bowling Green, Ky. 



MATT SANDIDGE COHEN 
Popular Horseman and Live Stock Dealer. Richmond, 
Ky.: Livestock Agent forL. & N. R. R. Co.: Win- 
ner of Championship Honors at World's 
Fair Equestrian Exhibit. 





D. G. COMBS 

Evangelist Church of Christ, Morehead, Ky. Rev. 

Combs has labored successfully in evangelistic 

fields for thirty years; he has also been 

noted as a Lecturer. 



CLARENCE COLEMAN 
Rising young Newspaper Man, Burnside. Ky.; also 
Bookkeeper for Mitchel Taylor. Manufacturer 
of Staves and Heading. Mr. Coleman 
served with distinction in the Span- 
ish-American War, and later 
in the Philippines. 





J. THOS. CHERRY 

Prominent and Successful Merchant, 

Brodhead, Ky. 



ISAAC NEWTON CREECH 
Prominent Business Man, Calloway, Ky. 




STEPHEN COLLIER AND WIFE 

Two Pioneers ; now residing in Sparta, Texas. Mr. Collier lived and labored as a Teacher and Preacher in 

Kentucky for seventy-five years, and is well known and loved all over the State. His wife 

is connected with some of the oldest and best families in Kentucky. 





WM. H. COX 

Prominent Merchant, and Senator from 31st District, 

Maysville, Ky. Mr. Cox is a grandson of George 

Cox, who was one of Northern Kentucky's 

most conspicuous commercial pioneers 

and founder of the firm of 

George Cox & Son. 



GEORGE L. COX 

Prominent Merchant, Maysville. Ky.: member of the 

well-known firm of Geo. Cox & Son, one 

of the most progressive business 

houses in the State. 





Judge O. S. DEMING 

Prominent Lawyer and Politician. Mt. Olivet, Ky.: 

has served as County Judge and Attorney 

and Presidential Elector for the State 

at large, and Commander of Mt. 

Olivet G. A. R. Post. 



JOHN DOWLING 

Prominent Business Man. Lawrenceburg'. Ky. 

Mr. Dowling is at the head of a large 

Cooperage Manufactory at Law- 

rencebui'g. and Distillery 

Interests at Tyrone, 

Ky. 





J. S. DICKINSON 
Prominent Physician. Trenton, Ky. 



P. H. DARBY 

Prominent Lawyer, Princeton, Ky. 





W. R. DOTSON 

Prominent Physician. Tadella. Ky. Mr. Dotson has 

had an eventful life, serving faithfully as a 

Teacher. Postmaster, and Physician for 

many years. During the great 

plague which infected Piice 

County in 1886 he did 

heroic service. 



C. C. DURHAM 

Successful Physician. Pineville. Ky.; born in Owen 

County 1866: moved to Bell County in 1875; 

graduated Kentucky School of 

Medicine 1894. 





G. C. DINGUID 

Lawyer, Paducah. Ky.; was City Judge of Murray. 

Ky., for four years, and was Attorney for 

Calloway County for eight years. 



THOMAS H. DAVIS 

Successful Practitioner of Medicine. 

Lewisport. Ky. 





Rt. Rev. THOS. UNDERWOOD DUDLEY. D. D. 

Episcopal Bishop (1S75) of the Diocese of 

Kentucky, organized 1829. 

Louisville. Ky. 



WILL H. ENGLISH 

Baptist Minister. Tonkawa, Okla.: for many years a 

Kentuckian. He has labored successfully as 

an Evangelist in several States. 





Prof. J. W. DAVIS 

Principal Middleburg Normal College, Middleburg^, 

Ky. This is one of the most progressive 

Normal Colleges in the State. 



ED DAVIDSON 

Prominent Merchant and Farmer, Shreve. Ky. Mr. 

Davidson is one of the most extensive land 

holders in his section of the State. 




Dr. JOHN ANDREW FREEMAN 
Prominent Physician, Beard. Ky.; formerly Surgeon 
for Union Pacific Railway; President of the 
Boulder County Me<iical Society, and Deputy 
Grand Commander Select Knights 
A. O.U.W. forCoIorado. New Mexico, 
and Arizona; at present Mem- 
ber of State and National 
Medical Associations. 



S. L. FROGGE 
Ex-Principal Lafayette High Schot^l ; Ex-County 
Superintendent Christian County: Ex-Super- 
intendent Benton Schools. Uniontown 
Schools, and Middlesboro Schools: 
now Superintendent City 
Schools. Frankfort. 





H. H. FUSON 

Superintendent of Schcols. Pineville, Ky.: for many 

years a successful teacher in his native county. 



WILLIAM GOODELL FROST. Ph. D. 
President Berea College. Berea, Ky.; has been Presi- 
dent since 1S93. No other College in Kentucky 
has done more for the education of young 
men and women than Berea. 





Dr. T. B. GREENLEY 
President Kentucky State Medical Society; Member 
American Medical Association, Mississippi 
Valley Medical Association, and Inter- 
national Association of Railway 
Surgeons: also Member of 
Filson Club. 



D. M. GREEN 

Prominent Baptist Minister. Calvert City, Ky. 

Rev. Green has labored successfully in 

Kentucky and Missouri for 

a half century. 




W. C. FERGUSON 

Prominent Farmer and Merchant, Hammonville. Ky. 

Mr. Ferguson is one of the most extensive 

land holders in Hart and LaRue 

Counties. 



HENRY N. GOODWIN 

Organist Broadway Baptist Church; Teacher 

of Piano, Louisville, Ky. 





Dr. JOSEPH THKulMiKE GREEN 
Prominent Physician, Leitchfield, Ky.; Member of 
American Medical Association, Kentucky State 
Medical Association. International Railway 
Association, Muldraugh Hill Associ- 
ation; Surgeon I. C R. R.. and 
Member U. S. Examining 
Board.l ^Si 



EDWARD A. GUILFOYLE 

Of Firm of E. A. Guilfoyle & Co.. Merchant Tailors 

Manufacturers of High-Grade Uniforms, 

Louisville. Ky. 





Prof. HARRISON GARMAN 

Naturalist, Entomologist, and Botanist Kentucky 

Experiment Station, and State Entomologist 

State College, Lexington, Ky. 



S. P. HAGER 

Vice-President Merchants National Bank 

Ashland, Ky. 





p. S. HEAD 
President Oldham Bank. Lagrang-e. Ky. Mr. Head 
succeeded Judge S. E. DeHaven. and during his 
presidency the bank has shown great pros- 
perity. Mr. Head is also one of 
the larg-est real estate owners 
in Oldham County. 



BISCOE HINDMAN 
Genei'al Agent Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New 
York for Kentucky and Tennessee: Com- 
mander-General a. S. C. v.. 1900-01, 
Louisville, Kentucky. 




j^f^Stflfi' . 




BRUCE HALDEMAN 
President Louisville Courier-Journal Co.; Member 
Board of Trade, and Director of Commer- 
cial Club. Louisville, Kentucky. 



J. SAMUEL HEAD. Jr. 
Cashier Jackson Deposit Bank, Jackson, Ky. 





J. G. HENDRICK 

Prominent Physician and Contributor to Medical 
Journals. Central City. Ky.; Graduate Ken- 
tucky School of Medicine and Medical 
Department University of Louis- 
ville. For many years Mem- 
ber Kentuck.v State 
Mfdical Society. 



Dr. SAMUEL J. HARRIS 
Prominent Physician. Philpot. Ky. Dr. Harris gradu- 
ated from Medical Department University of 
Louisville in 1S72. and has practiced medi- 
cine successfully for thirty years. 
He did valiant service in the 
Confederate Army. 





M. W. HINER 

Minister Methodist Church. Jackson. Ky., since 1870. 

Rev. Hiner has labored successfully for his 

Church. As a mountain missionary 

he has rendered excellent service. 



JOSIAH HALE. M. D. 

Prominent Physician, Owensboro, Ky. Dr. Hale is a 

graduate of Louisville and New York Medical 

Colleges. He was a delegate to the 

International Medical Congress 

»^ in London, in 1871. 





DAVID HAM HOWERTON. A. B. 
Prominent Teacher and Baptist Minister. Oakland 
City. Ind. Mr. Howerton has taught in Muh- 
lenberg and Logan Counties, and was 
formerly Principal of Lewis- 
burg High School. 



WILL G. HEISER 
Prominent Merchant. Maysville. Ky. Mr. Heiser is a 
graduate of Alleghany College (Pa.). He 
is a leader in Maysville's com- 
mercial interests. 





Dr. L. F. HAMMONDS 
President Casey County Medical Society. Dunnvdle 
Ky. Dr. Hammonds is one of the best known 
physicians and surgeons in his sec- 
tion of the State. 



N. T. HALE 

Has been for many years a prominent merchant 

and farmer, Murray, Ky. 





W. J. HODGES 

Well-known Physician, Pineville. Ky. Diploma from 

Medical Department University of Louisville. 

1890: attended the New York Post-Grad- 

uate School of Medicine in 1893 and 

1894, and New York Polyclinic 

School of Medicine and 

Hospital in 1899 

and 1900. 



Dr. T. O. helm 
Prominent Physician. Auburn. Ky, Dr. Helm is a 
graduate of Medical Department Louisville 
University. He has always taken a 
prominent part in public enter- 
prises of his town; also 
Trustee Auburn 
Seminarj-. 





MATTHEW J. HENNESSEY GEORGE E. HART 

Attorney and Counselor at Law, Aujrusta. Ky.; was One of the most successful practitioners of medicine 
elected City Attorney of Augusta in 1899 and in Webster County, Tilden. Ky. 

County Attorney of Bracken in 1901. 





FRANK J. HEALINE 

Superintendent Van B. Nelson Clothing Co., 

Louisville, Ky. 



W. C. HUTCHINSON 





Rev. FRED V. HAWLEY. D. D. 
Secretary Western Unitarian Conference. Chicago, 
III.; formerly Pastor Church of the Messiah, 
and Secretary Southern Unitarian Con- 
ference. Louisville, Ky. 



EDMUND HARRISON 
President Bethel Female College, Hopkinsville, Ky.: 
Graduate University of Virginia : was Pro- 
fessor in Southern Female Institute 
(Virginia), and Richmond College 
(Virginia) ; served with dis- 
tinction in the Con- 
federate Army. 





W. N. JUREY 

Leading Merchant, Pewee Valley: also Agent for 

L. & N. R. R. Co.. Adams Express Co.. and 

Western Union Telegraph Co. 



J. STODDARD JOHNSTON 
Editor. Author, and Historian. Louisville, Ky. 





Rev. STEVE P. HOLCOMB BURRUS JENKINS. A. M.. B. D. 

Superintendent Union Gospel Mission. Louisville, Ky. President of Kentucky University. Lexington. Ky. 





S. S. JOHNSON 
Prominent Dentist. Lexington, Ky.; Graduate Phila- 
delphia Dental College; was Member of 14th 
Virginia Cavalry. C. S. A., and served 
with distinction during the 
Civil War. 



J. B. JACKSON 

Prominent Physician and Surgeon; Secretary 

Christian County Board of Health. 

Hopkinsviile, Ky. 





HARVEY JOINER 

Artist, Louisville. Ky. Mr. Joiner's studies in 

beeches have attracted universal 

attention. 



WILLIAM JAYNE 
Prominent Citizen of Greenup County, Lynn. Ky. 





JAMES Y. KELLY 

President Deposit Bank of Georgretown. Georgetown, 

Ky. His bank is the oldest and strongest 

bank in Scott County. Mr. Kelly 

was formerly Cashier. 



J. T. JONES 

Prominent Physician. Creelsboro, Ky.; has practiced 
successfully in Russell County for thirty years. 





W. H. JUSTICE 

.Prosperous Merchant. Fish Trap. Ky. Mr. Justice is 

a typical Kentucky Farmer-Merchant who 

has climbed up from the bottom. 



W. B. JOHNSON 

Enterprising Merchant. Tackett. Ky. Mr. Johnson 
has done evang-elistic work for the Primi- 
tive Baptist Church. 





ORVILLE A. KENNEDY, B. S., M. D. 
Prominent Physician: formerly Professor of Chem- 
istry. Central University: Lecturer on Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Medicine. Ken- 
tucky University. Louisville. Ky. 



GEORGE P. KENDRICK 

Junior Member Wm. Kendrick's Sons, the Leading 

Jewelers, established 1832. Louisville. Ky. 





C. L. KING 
President Corydon Deposit Bank, Corydon. Ky. 



JAMES WESLEY KRICHBAUM 
Prominent Citizen, Danville. Kentucky. 





U. L. LITSEY 
Springfield. Ky. Elected Probate Judge of Washing- 
ton County, 1S90: re-elected in 1897 and 1901; 
elected President of Bank of Spring- 
field in 1892. and still holds that 
position; a farmer by 
occupation. 



J. W. LITTLE 

Capitalist. Paducah. Ky. Mr. Little operates one of 

the largest Spoke Factories in the South, and 

was the builder of Littleville. a valuable 

adjunct to the city of Paducah. 





HENRY LEVY 
Prominent Merchant. Louisville. Ky.; Member Levy 
Bros., Clothing, Hats. Shoes, and Furnish- . 
ing Goods. 



CHARLES Q. C. LEIGH 

Vice-President Leigh Fruit and Storage Co., 

Paducah, Ky. 





Dr. a. p. LATHAM 

Manager of Sanitarium, Vine Grove. Ky. Doctor 

Latham's Sanitarium is the larg-est in his 

section of the State, and has an 

extensive patronage. 



JAMES E. LANGLEY 
Prominent Merchant and Postmaster. 
Drakesboro, Ky. 





C. H. LANE 

Prominent Citizen. Garnettsville, Ky. 



Jailer M. L. LAWRENCE 

Born in Owen County thirty-eight years ago: has 

served two terms as Jailer at Frankfort. Ky. 





J. L. MANRING 

Vice-President and General Manager Fork Ridge 

Coal and Coke Company, Middlesborough. 

Kentucky. 



Dr. J. BENJ. MANOR 

Physician and Surgeon. Hazelwood, Ky. Doctor 

Manor is a graduate of Missouri 

Medical College. 





Dr. C. C. MAYNOR 
Prominent Physician. Praise. Ky. 



ELMER MILLER 

President City Transfer Co.; Coal Dealer and 

Contractor. Owensboro. Ky. 





p. GALT MILLER 

President Bridgeford & Co.'s Stove Foundry, etc.: 

Director. Louisville Water Company, 

Louisville, Kentucky. 



JAMES A. MITCHELL 

Lawyer; District Attorney L. & N. R. R.; Attorney 

:and Director Potter. Matlock & Co., Bankers; 

Member Board of Education, 

Bowling Green, Ky. 





JOHN MAAS. Jr. 

Funeral Director; President Falls Cities Funeral 

Directors' Association. Louisville, Ky. 



S. A. MULLIKIN 

Publisher of fine Bibles, Subscription Books, and 

other high-grade publications, 

Louisville, Ky. 





GEORGE T. MOUNSEY. M. D. 
Instructor in Practice of Medicine and Pediatrics, 
Kentucky School of Medicine; Member Ken- 
tucky State Medical Society; Physician 
to Barret-Mont fort Home. 
120 W. Chestnut Street. 
Louisville. Ky. 



PETER B. MOBLEY 
Baptist Minister. Kirby Knob. Ky. Rev. Mobley has 
labored faithfully for many years in Jack- 
son and other counties. His work 
amon^ the mountain people 
is praiseworthy. 





J. W. MORGAN 

Baptist Minister. Pittsburg. Texas. Rev. Morgan 

was formerly a Kentuckian. having preached 

extensively in Cumberland and 

adjacent counties. 



W. C. MOORMAN 
Prosperous Merchant. Glendeane, Ky. Mr. Moorman 
has one of the largest mercantile estab- 
lishments in his county. 





dk. w. t. murphy 

Prominent Physician. Powers. Ky. : Graduate of 

University of Louisville (Medical Department); 

Member United States Board of 

Pension Examiners. 



R. S. MARTIN 

Prominent Manufacturer of Tobacco, 

Brodhead, Ky. 





J. J. MARTIN 

Prominent Farmer, Stock Dealer, and owner 

of Mines. Sullivan, Ky, 



Mrs. J. J. MARTIN 
Sullivan. Ky. 





I. s. Mcelroy, d. d. 

Secretary Executive Comnriittee on Ministerial Relief 
(Presbyterian); educated at Union Theological 
Seminary (Va.): has held pastorates in Mis- 
souri, Kentucky, and Florida, and served 
as Moderator Kfiiiurky Synod. Dele- 
gate to Pan-Prcslt_\tt'rian Congress 
at Glasgow. Sctland. 1896. 



JOHN O. McREYNOLDS 
Elkton, Ky. Physician and Bank Director. Dr. Mc- 
Reynoldswas mainly instrumental in founding 
the Bank of Elkton. the strongest finan- 
cial institution in his county. 





w. P. McCartney, m. s.. ll.b. 

Prominent Lawyer and Inventor. Paducali. Ky. 
McCartney is a member of the State Bar As- 
sociat on, and makes a specialty of 
Mining Corporation Law. 



J. W. McCULLOUGH 

Prominent Distiller. Owensboro. Ky. Mr. McCuI- 

lough's brands received highes' award — 

Gold Medal— at Paris in 19U0. 





Dr. G. W. McMILLEN 
Prominent Physician, Goforth. Ky. Taught in Public 
Schools of Pendleton County; graduate Ken- 
tucky School of Medicine; has been 
successful in commercial 
pursuits. 



Hon. c. u. Mcelroy 

Prominent Attorney and Counselor-at-Law, Bowling 

Green, Ky. Represented his county four times 

in General Assembly, and served as 

Presidential Elector for the 

State-at-large in 1880. 





W. A. McKINNEY. M.D. 

Prominent Physician. Milford, Ky. Chairman County 

Board of Health: member of Bracken 

County Democratic Committee. 



E. LEE McINTYRE 

Prominent Physician. Fredericktown. Ky. Graduate 

Kentucky School of Medicine, and leader in 

commercial interests of his section. 





WIL.UAM DUDLEY NOWLIN 
Pastor Upi>er Street Biiptist Church. Lexington. Ky. 
Graduate Southern Biiptist Theological Semi- 
nary. L<.>uisville. and University of Ohi- 
capo. Dr. Nowlin is one of the 
l>est known lecturers and 
most gifted preachers 
in the State. 



LEWIS S. McMUKTKY. A. M.. M. D. 

President of the Faculty and PnU'esst^r of (Obstetrics, 

Gyneciilogv. and AMoininal Sunrery. Hospital 

CoUegreof Mwiicine; owner Dr. McMurtry's 

(fornierl,v Jennie Ciisstniaj) Infirmary. 

Li^uisville. Ky. 





w. L. Mccarty 



th3 m>5t 3j::i?s5ful farmers 
in Lincoln County. 



i;KOKt;b: c. nokton 

Meml>er J. M. Ri>l»inson-Ni.M ton Conipiiny. Wholesale 
Dry Cootis, Louisville. Ky. 




'V*' 





W. H. NUNN, M. D. 
Gra/iuater] in Me^licineatthe UniverHity of Tenne»Bee, 
Na«hvi!le, Feb. 22, 1881. Practice*! me<Jicine in 
Crittenden O^unty till 181»1: removerj 
to Hen«haw, Union Ojunty, and 
hatt built up a lucra- 
tive practice- 



Rev. J. K. NUNNELLY 
Pn-jminent Baptist Minister, Ge'jrget/^wn. Ky, Rev. 
Nunnelly in Stfcretary iV^trd of TruHtee« 
Georgetown College, and S€«:retary 
Baptist General Associa- 
tion of Kentucky, 





Dr. WAkkKN E. NASH 

Prominent retired Physician, and owner of Stock 

Farm; member F. & A. M. Fraternity, 

and I. O. O. F. Worthville. Ky. 



JOHN NIKHAUS 
Prominent Druggist, and youngest Member of City 
Council. Paducah, Ky. Mr. Niehaus is a grad- 
uate of Louisville College of Pharmacy. 





Hon. W. E. OFFUTT 

Frankfort. Ky. Born, reared, and educated in Logan 

County; one of its most extensive landholders; 

prominent Democrat and Member 

of the Legislature. 



Prof. JAMES K. PATTERSON. Ph. D.. LL. D. 

Fellow Royal Historical Society. Great Britain; Fellow 

Society of Antiquarians. Scotland; President 

State College of Kentucky since 

1869. Lexington. Ky. 





Dr. D. N. porter 

Prominent Physician and one of the best known 

citizens. Eminence. Ky. 



r. b. neal 

Prominent Evangelist. Debater, and Writer. Church 
of Christ. Grayson. Ky. 





J. M. POYNTZ. M.D. 

Successful Practitioner of Medicine for 40 years. Rich- 
mond. Ky.: Major-General Kentucky Division 
U. C. v.. and Member State Medical 
Society: holds high rank 
in Masonic Order. 



IRA G. PROFITT. M. D. 

Physician and Surgeon. Vortex, Ky. : served faithfully 

as a Union soldier in Civil War: hns held high 

county and Federal offices, and is 

a prominent Mason. 





Dr. G. W. PRUETT 

Prominent Physician and Druggist. Mannsville, Ky. 

Dr. Pruett has been indefatigable in his 

efforts to benefit his county and 

has succeeded well. 



ALLEN POWELL 

Superintendent of Schools, Jackson County, 
Alcorn, Kentucky. 





POKTEK FKATHER. M. D. 
Prominent Physician and Surgeon. Lexingrton. Ky 
Dr. Prather has been for several years First As- 
sistant Physician at Eastern Kentucky Luna- 
tic Asylum: he is a member of the Mis- 
sissippi \'alley Medical Association 
and sevCTal secret orders. 



Dr. J. W. F. PARKER 
Prominent Physician, Somerset, Ky. Member of State 
Senate from 1S66 to 1S69: Assessor of Internal Rev- 
enue for Sth Cong-ressional District from 1S69 
to l:?73; member of American and Ken- 
tucky State Medical Associations. 





JESSE PHILLIPS 
Cashier Elarling'ton Bank. Elarlin^ton, Ky. * 



J. W. PRATHER 

Merchant and Minister. Valley View. Ky. Mr. Prather 

is one of the best known and best 

loved men in his section. 





J. C. PIRTLE. A- M. 
President Kenyon Collesre, Hodgenville. Ky. Kenyon 
College is the leading^ educational institu- 
tion in its section of the State. 



JAMES T. yKTVAiS 

Clerk of the Bath County Court, and a leader in the 

commercial interests of Owingsville, Ky. 





T, W. PIRTLE, M. D. 
Prominent Physician, Home Valley, Ky. 



S. S. PERRY 
Prominent Citizen, Talmage, Ky. 





Dr. W. K. price 

Prominent Physician, Edenton, Ky. Dr. Price is a 

graduate of the Eclectic Medical College, and 

for many years has been a leader in 

promoting the best interests 

of Madison County. 



O. C. QUIREY 

Secretary Sturgis Milling Company. Sturgis. Ky. Mr. 

Quirey was formerly owner of Giles Elevator 

Company, and is one of Sturgis' 

most progressive citizens. 





J. A. QUISENBERRY 
■Cashier Citizens National Bank, Danville. Ky. 



Rev. ULYSSES A. RANSOM 
Prominent Minister, Hopkinsville, Ky. 





W. K. RAYBURN 

Merchant, and President People's Bank; one of the 

oldest citizens, and an official member of 

Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 

AdairviUe, Kentucky. 



EDWARD ROWLAND 

Vice-President Carter Dry Goods Co. Born in Mobile,. 

Ala.; came to Louisville in 1869. 

Louisville. Ky. 





STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS RIGDON 

Prominent Lawyer and Merchant; Representative of 

Bracken County in State Legislature. 

German town, Kentucky. 



Capt. FRANCIS M. RYAN 

Master Steamer "Morning Star," L. & E. Mail Line, 

Louisville. Kentucky. 





Hon. GUS W. RICHARDSON 
Reared in Meade County. Three terms in the House 
of Representatives. State Legislature; present 
Senator from the counties of Meade, Breck- 
inridge, and Hancock: Secretary Demo- 
cratic Campaign Committee in 1896. 
and Assistant Secretary in 1900. 



Hon. CHAS. REED 

Proprietor Reed Hotel. Paducah. Ky. Mayor of Pa- 

ducah for eight years: at present a 

member of the City Council. 





C. C. RICKETTS 

•Cashier Lebanon Junction Bank, 

Lebanon Junction, Ky. 



T. P. REED 

Representative 18th District. State Legislature. 

Parksville, Kentucky. 





Hon. H. H. REYNIERSON 

Democratic Representative from Marion County. Brad- 
fordsville, Ky. Mr. Reynierson is at present 
traveling- salesman for Grauman, Hen- 
chey. Cross & Co. (Louisville), 
his territory being South- 
ern and Eastern 
Kentucky. 



JOSEPH A. REARDON 

Dentist. Newport, Ky. Educated in Newport Public 

Schools and St. Xavier's College, Cincinnati; 

graduated from Dental Department 

University of Cincinnati. 1899; 

has a large practice. 





SYLVESTER RAPIER 
President Sylvester Rapier & Co., Bankers, New 
Haven, Ky. This institution is one of the 
strongest and most useful bank- 
ing institutions in the State. 



Al'ensville. Ky. Graduated with high honors from 

Medical Department Vanderbilt University, 

1897 ; now Practicing Physician 

at Allensville. Ky. 





SILAS F. REYNOLDS 
Prominent Minister of Baptist Church for 25 years. 
Mr. Reynolds did faithful service and was 
wounded in the Civil War; he was a 
Lieutenant in the 16th Vir- 
ginia Cavalry. 



R. E. SMITH 
Prominent Merchant, Connersville. Ky. 





R. M. SALMON 
General Manag-er and Secretary and Treasurer Crab- 
tree Coal Mining Co.. Ilsley. Ky. This com- 
pany ships coal to all principal points 
on I. C. R. R. between Louis- 
ville and New Orleans. 



Dr. C- J. RENFRO 

One of the most successful Pliysicians and Surgeons 

in the State, North Pleasureville. Ky. Dr. 

Renfro was a Confederate soldier and 

was wounded during- Morgan's 

first raid into Kentucky. 





Dk. JOHN D. SMITH 

Graduate of the Memphis Medical College, Tennessee. 

Four years a Surgeon in the Confederate Army, 

and now Chairman of the Prohibition State 

Executive Committee of Kentucky: for 

forty years a liberal contributor to 

Medical Journalistic Literature. 



C. L. SEARCY 

One of the most progressive business men in Madison 

County. Widely known as a manufacturer 

of first grade Tile Roofing. 

Waco, Ky. 





WILLIAM SIMMONS 
President The Peoples Bank, Shepherdsville, Ky. 



U. S. SHACKLETT 
Manager and Treasurer of Shacklett-Thomas Hard- 
ware Company, Fulton, Ky. 





Dr. J. B. SETTLE 

Prominent Physician. Berea. Ky. Dr. Settle has 

taught school with considerable success. 



F. M. SHEARER 
Superintendent of Schools of Wayne County. 





J. N. SHEHAN 
Prominent Physician. Maud. Ky. Graduate Medical 
Department University of Louisville. Dr. Shehan 
has built up a high reputation as an able prac- 
titioner and successful surgeon, and is also 
a writer of great force and brilliancy. 



Dr. a. J. SLATON 

Physician and Surgeon. Leitchfield. Ky. Graduate 

Bellevue Hospital Medical College: holds chair 

in the Medical Department University of 

Tennessee, and is also Vice-President 

Grayson County National Bank. 





J. L. SHADOAN 

Prominent Dealer in General Merchandise, 
Frazer. Ky. 



WILLIAM LONG STORY 
Prominent Druggist. Albany. Kentucky. 





W. H. STROTHER. M. D. 
Prominent Physician. Big Spring. Ky. Graduate 
Louisville College of Pharmacy and Medical De- 
partment University of Louisville : member 
American Medical Association and 
several State organizations. 



ISAAC A. STORY 
Prominent Baptist Minister, Albany, Ky.: was a mem- 
ber of 12th Kentucky Regiment Infantry Volun- 
teei-s, U. S. A. He has taught successfully 
and has preached extensively in Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee. 





Rkv. J. A. SAWYER 

Mothixlist Minister. Dover, Ky. Rev. Sawyer sorvt^i 

ximier <.ien. Lee during the Civil War aiuJ wns 

wounded seven times. He has been 

successful as a teacher as 

well as a minister. 



Rkv. thus. J. STEVENSON 
Pniminont Baptist Minister. Goorsretown. Ky. Grad- 
uate iJoonretown CoUejrt': t>as held pi*ofessorship 
in Cietn-jjetown Oolloiro. <.iei>rKetown Female 
Seminary, and Shelbyville Female Col- 
lesre. He is a preacher of 
marktnl ability. 





Dr. S. W. SHKLTON 

Prominent Dentist. Greenville. Ky. Dr. Shelton enjoys 

a larsfe practice in his own and adjoining counties. 



EDLIAR BROWN SULLIVAN 

Minister of the Gospel. WicklitTe. Ky.: has done a 

ffreat deal of Missionary Work in his 

section of the State. 





OLIVER H. STRATTON 

Lawyer; authorof " PhiUytvijihy of American Poli- 

ticH," " ilf^ituYfYicHn Mirror," etc. 

IjjuiaviUe. Ky, 



Rev. GEORGE GRANT SMITH 

AHHtHtant Rector Christ Church Caiheflral (Protestant 

Epiitcopal), and S*icrc'tary of the Council, 

t/mittviWe. Ky, 





EMBRY L. SWEARINGEN 

President Kentucky Title Co. and Kentucky Title 

Savint^H Bank. LouiKville, Ky. 



JAMES B. .SPEED 
B. Speed & Co., Salt, Cement, Lime, etc. 
Louitfville, Ky. 





W. J. M. SMISEK 
Prominent Merchant. Skyliffht. Ky.; graduate Ken- 
tucky School of Medicine, and practiced metli- 
cine successfully for several years; now 
a prosperous fanner and merchant. 



Mrs. FANNIE B. TALBOT 

Principal Sharpsburp Academy, one of the most 

flourishinir sch(X)ls in the State. Sharpsburp. 

Ky. Mrs. Talbot has l>een principal 

for twenty-three years. 





V. J. SUTTKKLIN 

Joint Proprietor Frankfurt Ice CVmipany; member 

of City Council. Frankfort. Ky. 



ANDREW E. SEIBERT 

Bandmaster First Rejriment Hand and Orchestra: 
member B. P. O. KIks No. 8. Louisville, Ky. 





THOMAS J. TOWNSEND 

Pi'oniincnt Physician and Surpfoon, Owonaboro. Ky.; 

^rracluaU' Mctlical De[)artment University of 

New York, and holds honor certificate ; 

winner of Mott medal : member 

Public Kourd of Health. 

Owensboro, Ky. 



Dr. T. (;. TIJRNKli 
Prominent Physician. Duninor. Ky. 





CATLKTT W. THOMPSON 

President of The Peoples Bank of Metcalfe County, 

Kdmonton. Ky. Mr. Thtjmitson is one of the moHt 

useful and enterprising citizens in his county. 



E. H. TAYLOR. Jr. 

Merchant; State Senator, representing- Twentieth 

District: Senior member of E. H. Taylor, Jr.. 

& Co., Distillers; former Mayor, 

Frankfort. Ky. 





JUilX F. WAGERS 

Sheriff of Madison Counly, Richmond. Ky. Was 

elected Jailer and served two terms. Mr. Wagers 

has been an extensive Healer in fine stock, and 

lias made some larg-e shipments. 



C. F. THORNTON 
Prominent Citizen, Harrisburg. Ky. 





JUDSON L. TAYLOR 

Prominent Physician and Surgeon. West Plains, Ky. 

Graduate Eclectic Medical Institute (Ohio) ; 

Member County. District. State, and 

National Medical Associations; 

also a successful farmer. 



SAM K. VEACH 

Prominent Business Man. Promoter, and Master 

Mason. Carlisle, Ky.; instrumental in organizing 

the Nicholas County Building and Savings 

Association and is Secretary of the 

Association, and is also member 

Board of Education. 





R. D. WEAVER 

Prominent Physician. North Middletown, Ky.:was a 

member of the famous Orphan Brig-ade in 

the Civil War : graduate of Louisville 

Medical College, and has had a 

large practice for thirty 



A. B. WEAVER 

Prominent Merchant, Weaverton. Ky. Mr. Weaver is 

one of the oldest and most highly respected 

citizens in his county. 





SAMUEL M. WILSON 
Lawyer, Lexington. Ky. Educated at Centre College 
and Williams College (Mass.) ; was formerly Presi- 
dent Lexington Civic Leagrue and Editor 
Kappa Alpha Journal ; at present mem- 
ber of Morton. Darnall & Wilson, law 
firm, and active member of 
State Bar Association. 



W. C. WOOLRIDGE 
Prominent Merchant 'and Minister. Tateville, 



Mr. Woolridge has taught school successfully 

in Missouri. Texas, and Louisiana ; he 

is also a prosperous farmer and 

extensive landholder. 



Ky. 





JOHN D. WHITE 
Real Estate Counselor: Graduate Michigan University 
Law Class, 1872: member Forty-fourth. Forty-sev- 
enth, and Forty-eighth Congresses: Member 
Kentucky Legislature, 1S79-80: Prohibilion 
Candidate for Governor. 1900. Office 
with W. C. Priest & Co.. Real 
Estate, Louisville. Ky. 



L. J. WARDEN 

Secretary Brown-Colburn Machine Co.. 

Bowling Green, Ky. 





JOHN G. WHITE 

Prominent Merchant, Winchester. Ky. Mr. White 

was Delegate from the Eleventh Congressional 

District to National Republican Convention. 

18%. Mr. White has flourishing stores at 

Jackson and Winchester, Ky. 



EDWIN J. WRIGHT 

President Bryant & Stratton Business College: over 

thirty-five years in school work; introducer of 

business practice in commercial colleges 

in Kentucky, Louisville, Kentucky. 





THOMAS J. WATHEN 

Prominent Ice Cream Manufacturer, Louisville, Ky. 

Mr. Wathen has one of the largest 

plants in the South. 



U. V. WILLIAMS, A. M.. M. D. 

Prominent Physician. Frankfort, Kentucky. 





A. H. WILLIAMS 

Prominent Merchant and extensive landholder, Alcorn, 

Ky. Mr. WilHams has held several county and 

Federal offices, and fulfilled his work 

with g-reat credit to himself. 



Dr. JESSE F. WILDER 
Druggist and Physician, Woodbine, Ky. Graduate- 
Medical Department University of Louisville. 
Dr. Wilder has also been successful 
as a teacher. 





Z. TAYLOR YOUNG. Jr. 

County Attorney of Rowan County, Morehead, Ky. 

Mr. Young was preceded in his office by his 

illustrious father, Z. Taylor Young, Sr., 

and his two brothers. Allie W. 

and W. A. Young. 



W. S. WHITESIDE 
Superintendent Whiteside's Bakery. Louisville, Ky. 





J. WOOD YAGER 
Cashier Oldham Bank, Lagrange, Ky. 



JULIAN T. YAGER 
Assistant Cashier Oldham Bank, Lagrange, Ky. 



THE COLORED PEOPLE 



T II E COMMERCIAL STATUS OF THE COLORED 
PEOPLE OF KENTUCKY 



The disposition of the colored popula- Bureau. The duties of liis position re- 

tion of Kentucky toward the industrial (juired him to investigate, organize, lecture, 

development of their race has increased aiul encourage the members of his race in 

very greatly witliin the past ten years. industrial ventures along all the lines of use- 




N. K. HARPER, LAWYER, 
LOUISVILLE, KY. 

For the first time in the liistory of 
Kentucky an effort was made along this 
line under State authority during the 
administration of ex- Governor W. O. 
Bradley, who appointed a colored man, 
N. R. Harper, a lawyer of standing and 
ability, in the city of Louisville, and 
possessing rare qualifications for such 
work, a member of the State Industrial 




J. K. I'OLK, 

PASTOR PILGRIM BAPTIST CHURCH, 

MIDWAY, KY. 

fulness, and in this work he traveled over 
the State for four years, organizing indus- 
trial societies among his people and 
lecturing to them upon the advantage of 
co-operation and industrial development 
among themselves. 

More young colored men are engaged 
in independent business pursuits in 
Kentucky, and especially along those 



GROW 111 o I' rill-: c c) 1. 1) K 1-; n i' o r i' i. a r i o n 



Hues of ti'adc ami tiallic wlicrc tlicy are 
most likely to receive the patronage of 
their owu race, than ever before, ami the 
number is constantly increasing. While 
most of these ventures are small, such as 
retail grocery stores, restaurants, barber 
shops, and the like, some are more 
ambitions and go further in stock corpora- 
tions and condiines, and not a few pros- 
perous companies engaged in many busi- 
ness pmsuits are in operation in various 
parts of the State. 

In uuuiv localities in the State fairlv 




JOll.N II. S1.\.SLEV, 

PRESIDING ELDER, 

LEXINGTON, KV. 

good stores and business houses arc thus 
conducted. 

The city of Louisville has two good 
drug stores, owned and operated by 
colored companies, one in the east end of 
the city, and the other in the west end. 

Out of twenty good-sized, well-stocked 
colored stores in Louisville, four of them 
are organized and managed by colored 
co-operations. 

There is a coal mining coinpauy in Ohio 



County; a brick and lime company in 
Meade County : a number of county fair 
companies, of which Lexington has the 
largest and oldest, although the Oldham 
County Colored Fair Company own their 
own fair grounds. 

Nearly every considerable town in the 
State has one or more colored undertakers, 
some of them having been in business for 
many years ; about seventy per cent of 
this business among the colored people is 
carried on by colored men. 

Louisville, Lexington, I'.idiu'.ih, Ilop- 




E. E. UNDERWOOD 

EDITOR HLUEGRASS UUGLE, THE LEADING 

RACE JOURNAL, IRANKl OUT, KV. 

kiusville, Winchester, Mayfield, and 
Paris are among the foremost localities 
which show the industrial progress of 
the colored people, although nearly every 
town and city in the State having any 
considerable percentage of colored popu- 
lation has developed a negro in some 
character of business on a large or sma 
scale. 

While many of the enterprises carried 
on bv colored men are maintained wholly 



STATE Ol' Kl'NTUCKV 



by the colored people themselves, yet 
there are various branches of business 
conducted by them which are supported 
by all classes of citizens. In one of the 
western towns of the State a negro sup- 
plies the whole community with coal in 
the winter and ice in the summer. 

There are some few, but not very many, 
of the old school of negroes who were 
slaves before the war engaged in inde- 
pendent business enterprises ; this has 
been left to their children and grand- 
children, and what is true of Kentucky in 
this respect is perhaps true of every other 
State south of us, that whatever is due 
the negro himself for the wonderful strides 
of progress he has made belongs to the 
generation which has come upon the 
stage of action since the Civil War, and in 
vii^w of this fart nuu-h of the adverse criti- 



cism which is often given to this younger 
class of negroes for the misdeeds and 
shortcomings of many of their race falls 
flat. 

Besides the many ventures into busi- 
ness pursuits by colored men, fully one- 
half of the farm labor of the State is 
supplied by negroes. They own them- 
selves 200,000 acres of land, valued at 
Si, 500, 000; 8,294 town lots, valued at 
Si, 43 1, 62 I, not including their churches, 
public halls, school buildings, and like 
holdings. A negro died in Harrison 
County a few years ago owning fifty 
tenement houses and several stores. 
Another died in Christian County leaving 
an estate of half a million dollars. Quite 
a number of negroes own fine residences 
and farms, ranging in value from $5,000 
to $1 5,000. 



H 38 89 



MAR 26 1903 



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HECKMAN 

JINDERY INC. |§| 

NOV 89 

N. MANCHESTER, 
^Si^ INDIANA 46962 






